Azadirachta indica Meliaceae

OH-7,4 -diOMe Tetra-O-substituted monoprenyl 8-Pr C22H24O5 368 Flowerine Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Flower 81... 

From a chemosystematic point of view, it is interesting to note that prenylated flavonoids such as microfolione (56) have been found in a species of the family Ptaeroxylaceae, because the relationships of this family with other families were disputed in the past. Most taxonomists considered the Ptaeroxylaceae closely related to families in the order Rutales to which the Rutaceae and Meliaceae belong, whereas others considered it related to the Sapindaceae. Flavonoid chemistry supports a close relationship to the Rutaceae and Meliaceae, as iso-prenylated flavanones also occur in these families, e.g., 58 and 98 in Boronia coerulescens ssp. spinescens, the farnesyl-bearing 121 (Figure 15.3) in B. ramosa (Rutaceae)," and flowerine (59) and flowerone (60) in Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae). Microfolione is one of the few new flavanones for which the (2i )-configuration has been determined. 

Many triterpenes also have anti herbivore activity. In general, those which are highly oxygenated seem to be more active in this regard M). The role of cardiac glycosides, insects and their predators has been reviewed (91-94). A number of metabolically altered triterpenes from the Rutaceae, Meliaceae and Simaroubaceae are antifeedants. Extracts of neem tree seeds (Azadirachta indica. Meliaceae) were shown to be repellent to a number of insects when applied to various crop plants at low concentrations. The probable active compound is tetranortriter-pene, azadirachtin (9 ). This compound from the leaves and fruits... 

The powerful antifeedant and insecticide azadirachtin (213), from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica, Meliaceae), is a highly oxidized limonoid with rings A, B, and D intact.2 It is used as a benchmark against which all other antifeedants can be compared (vide infra). The total synthesis of azadirachtin has recently been achieved in 64 steps.96 This is very unlikely to provide a synthetic source of the compound, but it does allow SAR studies to find maximum activity, and opens up the field to possible simpler synthetics modelled on it. As yet, even slight modifications of the structure tend to decrease activity. Azadirachtin (213) has been available commercially, particularly in the United States, but at present the cost of the seeds and the isolation procedure inhibit its wider use. 

Thespesia populnea (Malvaceae), Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Delphinium consolida (Ranunculaceae), Citrus paradisi (Rutaceae),... 

Tanshinone I Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) Salvia milUorhiza (Lamiacae) [root] AR (rat lens) (5)... 

Abrus precatorius (Fabaceae) Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae)... 

Tetranortriterpenoids.—The cytotoxic or insect antifeedant activity shown by various tetranortriterpenoids ensures that the isolation and structure determination of these often complex molecules continue to attract attention. A detailed examination of the seeds of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) has yielded the further tetranortriterpenoids (76)—(81). The stereochemistry of 7-acetylneotrichilenone (78)... 

Representatives of podocarpanes include podocarpinol in Podocarpus totara, and podocarpic acid, the dominant acidic constituent of podocarpus resin obtained from Javanese P. cupressina (Cupressaceae), as well as the bitter-tasting phenolic compounds nimbiol and nimbione. These are found in the bark and isolated from neem oil expressed from the seed-kernels of the Indian neem tree Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae). Extracts of this bark are added to some mouthwashes and skin creams neem oil is used as an agricultural insect repellant and antifeedant. 

Aromdee, C. Sriubolmas, N. (2006) Essential oil of the flowers of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.28, No.l, pp. 115-119... 

Extracts and exudates of neem trees, Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), have biological activity against a variety of different nematodes. For example, a neem seed extract applied to tomato plants as a root drench at 125 fxg/ml inhibited reproduction of the root-rot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Chitwood, 1992). Azadirachtin (33), at 10 xg/ml, inhibits microfilarial release in the animal-parasitic nematode, Brugia pahangi. A similar mode of action may be involved in phytoparasitic nematodes (Chitwood, 1992). 

Various limonoid compounds such as mahmoodin, azadirone, epoxyazadiradi-one, nimbin, gedunin, azadiradione, deacetylnimbin and 17-hydroxyazadiradione, isolated from various parts of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae family) have been reported to have antimicrobial activities (Siddiqui et al. 1992 Govindachari et al. 2000 Atawodi and Atawodi 2009). Rahman et al. (2009) tested two limonoids isolated from the seeds of Swietenia mahagoni (Meliaceae family), swietenolide and... 

Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Whole plant Azadirachtinin ... 

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