Aviation Transportation Systems

Some of the facts, figures, and examples concerning human error in aviation are as follows  

A study conducted by Boeing reported that failure of the cockpit crew has been a contributing factor in over 73% of aircraft accidents worldwide [8,9]. 

According to a study reported in Science Daily [10], about 45% of all major airline crashes that occur at airports are the result of pilot error. In contrast, pilot error accounts for only 28% of the major crashes that occur elsewhere. 

A study conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) reported that, since the introduction of turbojet aircraft in the latter years of the 1950s, over 70% of airline accidents have involved some degree of human error [11]. 

A study of major airline crashes in the United States reported that pilot error accoimted for 43% of the accidents for the period 1983-1989, decreasing to about 34% for the period 1990-1996 [10]. According to a study reported in Science Daily [10], there were 29,798 general aviation crashes, 1,735 commuter/air-taxi crashes, and 371 major airline crashes during the period 1983-1996. A study of these crashes revealed that pilot error was a probable cause for 38% of major airline crashes, 74% of commuter/air taxi crashes, and 85% of general aviation crashes. 

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The magnitude of the NHV has economic importance because the consumption and cost of motor fuels are frequently expressed in liters/100 km and in Francs/liter in France. From the technical viewpoint, the NHV, establishes the maximum range for a transport system with a given load. This is a decisive criterion for applications like aviation. 

Aviation, transport, defense and energy industries are all concerned with how to ensure operational availability of systems that were initially designed for a fixed service hfe, but for which new economic constraints require their operation to be considerably prolonged. 

Federal Aviation Administration Next Generation Air Transportation System, (May 30 2014). Retrieved 13 July 2014, from ht //www.sebokwild.org/wiki/Feda-al Aviation Administration Next Generation Air Transportation... 

James Hallock, Ph.D. CAIB member (engineering/technical analysis) manager, Aviation Safety Division, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center June 1, 2004... 

The TSA was created in response to 911 through the Aviation and Transportation Security Act in November of 2001. Originally the administration was under the United States Department of Transportation, but was moved to the Department of Homeland Security in March of 2003. The administration oversees security for all modes of transportation systems, pipelines, and ports. The bulk of the TSA s efforts, however, are in aviation security. The TSA issues and administers the Transportation Security Regulations (TSRs), which are codified in Title 49 CFR, Chapter XII, Parts 1500 through 1699. 

What defines how safe we are Is it aceidents, ineidents, and negative events Lets talk about accidents. The commercial aviation system has the lowest accident rate of any transportation system in terms of miles travelled. That s the good news. However, because there are so few aecidents, they earmot be used for statistical analysis. There are more incidents than accidents, which make incidents a better somce of data, and there are more negative events than incidents. Close calls, near misses, and complaints can all be used as a data somce if they are reported and recorded. However, we still lack knowledge of what really occurs in normal operations. 

Aviation and sea transportation systems have become an important element of the global economy. Each year, over 1.6 billion passengers around the world use airlines for business and leisure travel and over 40% of the world trade of goods is carried by air from one place to another [1]. Furthermore, over 90% of the world s cargo is transported by merchant ships, and there are approximately 90,000 merchant ships in the world [2,3]. 

This chapter presents various important aspects of human error in aviation and sea transportation systems. 

Each year, billions of dollars are spent globally to develop, manufacture, operate, and maintain transportation systems such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, and trains. These transportation systems global impact is enormous. For example, the aviation industry s global economic impact (i.e., direct, indirect, induced, and catalytic) alone is estimated to be around USD 2,960 billion, equivalent to about 80% of the world gross domestic product (GDP). 

Chapter 5 is devoted to transportation systems failures. Some of the topics covered in the chapter are mechanical failure-related aviation accidents, vehicle failure classifications, rail defects and weld failures, rail and road tanker failure modes and failure consequences, ship failures and their consequences, and failures in marine environments and microanalysis techniques for failure investigation. Chapter 6 presents a total of 11 mathematical models for performing various types of reliability analysis of transportation systems. 

While the safety requirements have always been taken into account in complex systems (railway and aviation transport, nuclear power plants, etc.), contractual obligations on performance allows railway industries, for example, total control of the parameters related to reliability, availability, and maintainability. The choice of norms and standards is the responsibility of the designer and/or the mannfacturer. 

The second relates to security to prevent security incidents in the aviation system. The final aim is to improve system efficiency to provide an aerospace transportation system that meets the needs of users and is efficient in the application of FAA and aerospace resources. ... 

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