Available Active Ingredients

There are many organic and inorganic actives available for use in plasticised PVC and other plasties. The major actives are summarised next and are split into two categories according to whether they migrate readily or not. 

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Many kits contain the indicated biologically active ingredient in a lyophilized form with stannous chloride. A Tc-labeled radiopharmaceutical, which can be used for six hours, is formed when mixed with Tc pertechnetate. Preparation of the agent is at room temperature, unless otherwise stated. Technetium-99m. Available Tc kits are Hsted below. 

Many other compounds are presendy in use a 1993 database search showed 27 active ingredients in 212 products registered by the U.S. EPA for human use as repellents or feeding depressants, including octyl bicycloheptene dicarboxamide (A/-2-ethylhexylbicyclo[2.2.1]-5-hepten-2,3-dicarboxamide), dipropyl isocinchomeronate (2,5-pyridine dicarboxyhc acid, dipropyl ester), dimethyl phthalate, oil of citroneUa, cedarwood oil, pyrethrins, and pine tar oil (2). Repellent—toxicant or biting depressant systems are available which are reasonably comfortable for the user and can protect completely against a number of pests for an extended period of time (2). 

Dog repeUents available commercially in the 1990s have been generally unsuccessful in laboratory tests. Por example, lithium chloride treatments were usually rejected immediately with no ingestion, and bone oil treatments that contained up to 0.1% of the active ingredient were stiH consumed (93). Oleoresin capsicum [8023-77-6], the essence of red pepper, did have an extended effect on coyotes, even though the deer repeUents mentioned above were attractive to coyotes (93). Although a capsicum-base aerosol repeUent has been described as potentially harmful (94), pepper spray is commercially available in the United States to repel humans, as is Mace. 

P baitfish—0.25 mg/L active ingredient for indefinite period currently not available... 

Acutrim 16 Hour Steady Control Tablets. Acuttim is an appetite suppressant diet aid available without a prescription and marketed by CIBA Consumer Pharmaceuticals. The active ingredient is phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride [154-41 -6] a sympathomimetic amine (see Antiobesity drugs). Acutrim dehvers its dosage at a precisely controlled rate for up to 16 hours. This is achieved through the OROS technology. 

Bioavailahility is defined as the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. 

Few details are available on endosulfan s production volume. In 1974, the annual production of endosulfan in the United States was estimated at 3 million pounds (Sittig 1980). However, domestic production was near 5,000 pounds in 1977 (HSDB 1999). The major U.S. manufacturer of endosulfan was FMC Corporation, formerly called the Niagara Chemical Division of Food and Machinery Corporation. FMC Corporation s annual production of endosulfan active ingredient for 1971 was estimated at about 2 million pounds (EPA 1972). According to Coleman and Dolinger (1982), however, this figure may be a low estimate. Endosulfan has not been produced in the United States since 1982 (HSDB 1999) therefore, worldwide production volumes listed after 1982 do not include data for the United States. Worldwide production of endosulfan in 1984 was estimated at 10,000 metric tons (WHO 1984). Current estimates of worldwide production or domestic formulation were not located. 

A serious problem in the early Western medicinal use of C. sativa, mainly as a tincture, was its highly variable activity and inconsistent results. Medicinal preparations have to handle several particularities due to the structure of the active ingredients of C. sativa. The identity of the main active constituent of C. sativa, A9-tetrahydrocannabinol (INN dronabinol) remained unknown until 1964 [128] standardized C. sativa preparations were not available. The plant itself is found in several different chemotypes, which added to the unpredictable nature of early medicinal preparations. 

So, the 20th century actually led to an almost total disappearance of C. sativa for medicinal purposes. The only source for THC, which became the focus of scientific research, was fhe rafher fedious exfracfion and purification from confiscated hashish or marihuana. In 1972 the first commercially viable total synthesis of A9-THC was established and it became the first cannabinoid available as a modern medicine in the form of soft gel capsules (the active ingredient being called dronabinol from tetrahydrocannabinol) under the trade name Marinol for the prevention of nausea and vomiting during cancer chemotherapy. 

Moreover, new technologies such as LC/MS/MS should be considered and their potential should be recognized in the future. Currently food control laboratories monitor only a part of the pesticides used in their routine work. They prefer active ingredients that can be analyzed by multi-methods or some group-specific methods, because resources to check all relevant pesticides are normally not available. Therefore, many a.i. are monitored only on a case-by-case basis or not at all. An LC/MS multi-residue method, which may be developed in the future, could cover this gap to a large extent. 

Field fortification (commonly referred to as field spiking) is the procedure used to prepare study sample matrices to which have been added a known amount of the active ingredient of the test product. The purpose for having field fortification samples available in a worker exposure study is to provide some idea of what happens to the test chemical under the exact environmental field conditions which the worker experiences and to determine the field storage stability of the test substance on or in the field matrix materials. Field fortifications do not serve the purpose of making precise decisions about the chemical, which can better be tested in a controlled laboratory environment. The researcher should not assume that a field fortification sample by its nature provides 100% recovery of the active ingredient at all times. For example, a field fortification sample by its very nature may be prone to cross-contamination of the sample from environmental contaminants expected or not expected to be present at the field site. 

Counterirritants are approved for the temporary relief of minor aches and pains related to muscles and joints.24 These symptoms may be associated with simple backache, arthritis, strains, sprains, or bruises. Many are available commercially as combination products with ingredients from different counterirritant groups. Active ingredients in marketed products sometimes change clinicians should be aware of the current ingredients before providing a product recommendation. 

Upon administration, release the active ingredient for full biological availability... 

Recommend products that contain the following on their label scientific name of the botanical, quantity of the herb, name and address of the actual manufacturer, a batch or lot number, date of manufacture, and expiration date. When available, products that are standardized to the active ingredient(s) should be recommended. A common rule of a one-year expiration date on dietary supplements generally applies [5]. 

Drug Launches. Drug Launches [66] records and documents new product launches throughout the world. Data are compiled directly by 60 IMS companies located throughout the major markets of the world. Each entry records trade names, active ingredients, marketing companies, pack information, launch date, indication, and therapy class. This product is commercially available in several formats. 

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