Automation future directions

So far, only the coupling and the cleavage reactions have been automated. Future developments might provide automated conversion of the liberated thiazolinone derivatives into phenylthiohydantoins and their automated identification. Alternatively, mass spectrometry which has as yet rarely been employed for identification may be applied directly to the thiazolinones dispensing altogether with the conversion step... 

This paper addresses the limited current state- of-art in laboratory robotics and compares it to current manufacturing practice. Important questions are "When is automation robotics ", "What is a robot anyway " and "Where does a robot fit in a laboratory environment. " Examples of current applications are reviewed and suggestions for future directions are presented. 

Future directions for FIA include improved methods for determining concentrations in FIA (i9, 20), an advanced modular system using fiber optics or ion-selective field-effect transistors in the detectors (20), and a system of solid microconduits for handling the solutions (20). These developments suggest even greater reductions in the size and cost of automated chemical analyses. 

FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN LIGAND-BINDING ASSAY AUTOMATION... 

Manufacturing decision support systems, 348 Manufacturing devices, automated, 5(X) Manufacturing enterprises, ERP and major business functions in, 326-327 Manufacturing execution systems (MESs) for control, 1782-1787 data in, 1782-1784 market trends/future directions, 1787 object models, 1783, 1785-1787 enterprise resource planning (ERP) interface with, 338-339... 

Techniques for transferring samples to microchips play a key role in the microchip-based system. Future directions for sample introduction will focus on the automation of the sample transfer to the microchips, the development of the world-to-chip interface for real-life applications, the integration of the sample pretreatment unit and sample introduction interfaces, the direct introduction of gaseous samples, and various designs for sample introduction. With the rapid development of microfluidic chips, it is highly desirable to develop new theoretical models, experimental methods, and new experimental devices for transferring samples to chips. 

Future directions of automated solid-phase synthesis methods Application to drug discovery and development... 

Computer-aided process synthesis systems do not mean completely automated design systems (57). Process synthesis should be carried out by interactive systems, in which the engineer s role is to carry out synthesis and the machine s role is to analy2e the performance of synthesized systems. Computet apphcations in the future will probably deal with the knowledge-based system in appHed artificial intelligence. Consequendy, research on computer-aided process synthesis should be directed toward the realization of such systems with the collaboration of experienced process engineers. 

Benson and Ponton (1993) and Ponton (1996) have speculated on the ultimate results of continuing efforts for process minimization. They envision a twenty-first century chemical industry totally revolutionized by technological innovation, automation, and miniaturization. Small, distributed manufacturing facilities would produce materials on demand, at the location where they are needed. Raw materials would be nonhazardous, and the manufacturing processes would be waste free and inherently safe. While their vision of future technology is speculative, we are beginning to see progress in this direction. 

Determinations of projected atom positions are much more difficult for atoms in the Interior of the particle if the atoms are not conveniently aligned in straight rows in the direction of the incident electron beam. For the immediate future only the most favorable cases will be studied but with the application of anticipated Improvements of resolution to the l.sX level or better and the means for more accurate and automated measurement of the necessary Instrumental parameters, the detailed study of configurations of atoms in small particles should become generally feasible. 

Finally, the possibilities of automation of amperometric and voltammetric electroanalysis should be stressed, as well as the use of solvents other than water43. Pulse techniques are semi-automated by nature the responses can be transmitted directly to a microcomputer for immediate analysis. Fast on-line analysis in flow systems with automated calibration is one of the great advantages, which will be much exploited in the future. 

Relatively few truly automated, high-resolution analytical systems are now used in the clinical laboratory. For this presentation, I have arbitrarily chosen only those systems that use column chromatography for separation. This choice is based not only on the ability of these systems to separate literally hundreds of the molecular constituents in a physiological fluid but also because they are directly amenable to a high degree of automation. Obviously, this latter point is extremely important for any future development in the clinical laboratory. Further, only liquid chromatography will be discussed here since there has recently... 

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