Automation, cleaning

CG Rimkus, M Rummler, I Nausch. Gel permeation chromatography high-performance liquid chromatography combination as an automated clean-up technique for the multiresidue analysis of fats. J Chromatogr A 737 9-14, 1996. 

Proving or demonstrating that the process works Prospective, concurrent, retrospective, revalidation Chemical, pharmaceutical, automation, cleaning Flow diagram, equipment/components, in-process, finished product... 

Van Rhijn, J.A. Traag, W.A. Kulik, W. Tuinstra, L.G. Automated clean-up procedure for the gas chromatograph-ic-high-resolution mass spectrometric determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in milk. J. Chromatogr. 1992, 595 (1-2), 289-299. 

If protocol development is rate determining, the effectiveness of ADME experimental assays depends very much on how the early exemplars are synthesized. In theory, the most effective method would be to obtain a well-spaced subset of the library in an experimental design sense. A traditional, noncombinatorial, synthesis would accomplish this but would not fit in well with a combinatorial optimization process. A possible means around this problem is to institute some type of early automated clean-up of combinatorial exemplars from partially optimized reaction schemes. This is not a tidy solution because the most efficient process would be an automated clean-up on the entire library after the optimization process was complete. 

Conventional PLE combined with automated clean-up procedures... 

More recently, researches have been utilizing PLE in combination with automated clean-up techniques. Suchan and co-workers (56) extracted indicator-... 

Apart from GPC with Bio-Beads, there are other automated clean-up approaches. Although GPC has several advantages, Focant and co-workers claimed that for the high-fat-content samples (4 g lipids) required in dioxin analysis, GPC suffered from several practical limitations and therefore could not be performed 100% automatically (59). Consequently, new high-capacity disposable silica (HCDS) columns were developed for the Power-Prep system. The combination of PLE and Power-Prep clean-up allowed 10 dioxin samples to be analyzed in 48 hrs. 

The rapidly increasing consumption of optoelectronic and solar cell devices and development of high yield automated production tools may bring the production level of compound semiconductors from the percent level to the few percent levels of silicon production. Already the increased demand and competition has forced equipment vendors and merchant houses of epitaxial films to incorporate many of the features associated with Si production (automated clean room production) to this market place. As the economies of production, automation, scale, and improved yield grow, so to will the reliance on these materials for more and more high performance applications. Early in the next century, we can expect to see significant increases in the utilization of compound semiconductors in a wide variety of commonplace applications. 

There are several commercially available instruments using sorption systems for sample pretreatment. A representative example of those working in a continuous fashion is the Varian AASP (Advanced Automated Sample Processor) [10]. This uses cassettes of ten sorbent cartridges, each of which is packed with 40-50 mg of a particular bonded silica gel. It features three essential differences from typical manual systems, namely the use of lower sample and solvent volumes, the utilization of pressure rather than vacuum and the fact that the liquid emerging from the cartridge is completely eluted to the HPLC system, thereby increasing the sensitivity. Analytical Biochemistry Laboratories (ABC) markets a module (GPC 1002 A) for automated clean-up of residues in extracts by use of a gel-permeation column. 

The A-RFS system is a semi-automated san5)le preparation instrument with a five-station fixture of funnels. It works on the same principle as the original RFS system. However, it uses a special electrode manufactured to more consistent porosity specifications, it has an automated cleaning cycle, and its filtration times are reduced by the application of a vacuum/pressure pump to both pull and push the used oil sample through the electrode. 

In the field of UF, the fouling problem needs to be further addressed, but this is not expected to be straightforward. Better module design, automated cleaning procedures and the development of inherently less fouling membranes with modern nanotechnology may be possible ways forward. 

Babin Y, Fortier S, A high-throughput analytical method for determination of aminoglycosides in veal tissues by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectromety with automated clean-up, J.AOACInt. 2007 90 1418-1426. 

Table 14.8.2 presents the typical technical characteristics of different cleaning agents developed by Dr. O.K. Wack Chemie for stencil and misprint cleaning applications. 14.8.3.4 Comparison of manual cleaning vs. automated cleaning... 

Time s) to carry out automated cleaning and sterilization of kegs of two sizes... 

To limit further the impact of problematic algal growth on the optics, field turbidimetric systems can be equipped with a pulsed light source, antifouling chemicals or films, and/or wiper blades for convenient (sometimes automated) cleaning of optical surfaces. Alternatively, a dual-beam (twin-gap) instrument to compensate for these effects can be deployed. 

SPE) Section 4.3.3) is popular because it can be fast and effective, and readily automated. Clean-up methods are crucially important especially for ultra-trace analysis they are discussed in Section 4.3. 

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