Automatic Dishwash Liquid

These considerations apply principally to the heavy-duty liquids, the largest of the liquid detergent categories, but they also come into play with automatic dishwasher liquid detergents. 

Automatic dishwasher powders Detergents with enzymes Automatic dishwasher liquids Automatic dishwasher gels... 

Thickeners such as bentonite clays are used in providing rheological modification for automatic-dishwashing liquids. The clays impart a thixotropic nature to the liquids that allows sufficient yield stress to prevent premature dispensing into the automatic dishwasher. The use level in automaticdishwashing liquids is at 0.5 to 1.0 percent. 

Includes automatic dishwashing powders and liquids, powders. rinse aids and hand dishwashing... 

LD = laundry detergents, DW = dishwashing liquids, ADW = automatic dishwasher detergents, HC = household cleaners, FC = fabric conditioners... 

Use builders with pKCa > 5 with minimum molecular weight for liquid automatic dishwasher detergents. In general, the order of preference is substituted malonate > malonate > succinate > acetate > propionate [20]. 

P. Gorlin and N. Dixit, Liquid automatic dishwasher detergents, in K. Y. Lai, (ed.), Liquid detergents, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997. 

Hard-Surface Cleaning. Products used Tor hard-surface cleaning around the home include the hand- and automatic dishwashing products, the liquid and powder floor and wall cleaners, and the abrasive scouring cleansers. 

Silicates. Both sodium and potassium silicate solids or solutions have valued functionality including emulsification, buffering, deflocculation, and antiredeposition ability. Silicates also provide corrosion protection to metal parts in washing machines, as well as to the surfaces of china patterns and metal utensils in automatic dishwashers. Silicates are manufactured in liquid, crystalline, or powdered forms and with different degrees of alkalinity. The alkalinity of the silicate provides buffering capacity in the presence of acidic soils and enhances the sequestration ability of the builder system in the formulation. The sili-cate/alkali ratios of the silicates are selected by the formulator to meet specific product requirements. Silicate ratios of 1/1 are commonly used in dry blending applications with silicate ratios of 2/1 and higher commonly used in laundry and autodish applications. 

Foam regulators such as amine oxides, alkanolamides, and betaines are present in products where high foam value is functionally or esthetically desirable, mainly hand-dishwashing liquids and shampoos. In automatic-dishwashing products, on the other hand, copious foam volumes interfere with the efficiency of the mechanical rotors during operation. In this type of product, a foam depressant is often present. 

Liquid formulations have since been introduced as well and often contain a bentonite-based clay substance to prevent the liquid product from seeping out of a standard automatic dishwashing machine powder dispenser. 

Liquid automatic dishwasher detergents (LADDs) were first introduced to the U.S. and European markets in 1986. Prior to that, all dishwasher detergents were in powder form. LADDs have slowly gained popularity since their introduction. At the same time there has been an increase in the number of households with dishwashers, especially in the U.S. and Europe. By the early 2000s about half of U.S. households had dishwashers. LADDs account for about 40% of the dishwasher detergent market 40% is accounted for by the powder form and 20% by the new unit-dosed form. 

III. COMPONENTS OF LIQUID AUTOMATIC DISHWASHER DETERGENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES... 

---