Autoimmune diseases lupus

Riboldi P, Gerosa M, Meroni PL. Statins and autoimmune diseases. Lupus 2005 14 765-768. 

Exposures to xenobiotics have been associated with the onset of several autoimmune diseases. Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE), scleroderma (systemic sclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, and other maladies... 

Wide Range Autoimmune Diseases Lupus Syndrome Vasculitis with ANCA Hemolytic Anemia Autoimmune Hepatitis Dermatomyositis... 

Animal studies of alfalfa seed and seed sprouts have indicated some association between those products and the autoimmune disease lupus. The amount of alfalfa used in the studies, however, was highly excessive, with animals being fed diets containing 40% alfalfa sprouts or 45% alfalfa seed (Malinow et al. 1982 Montanaro and Bardana 1991). Related studies implicated the compound L-canavanine as being responsible for the effects of alfalfa. Although the compound is present in alfalfa seed and sprouts, it is not present in the mature herb that is the subject of this entry (Brown 2000 Farnsworth 1995 Malinow et al. 1982 Whittam et al. 1995). 

Several studies have reported that retinoids are effective for animal models of autoimmune diseases. Lupus nephritis is a major cause of mortality among systemic lupus erythematosus patients. ATRA inhibits IFN-y cytokine production from Thl and production and deposition to the kidneys of anti-DNA antibody IgG2a, and suppresses proteinuria and renal involvement in NZB/WFl mice, which are used as a lupus nephritis model (Nozaki et al. 2005). In an open clinical trial, seven patients with active lupus nephritis were treated with ATRA. As a result, four patients showed improvements in clinical symptoms and laboratory findings, including proteinuria and anti-dsDNA antibody levels. There were no adverse effects of ATRA therapy in any patient (Kinoshita et al. 2009). 

Exposures to xenobiotics have been associated with the onset of several autoimmune diseases. Lupus [systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)], scleroderma (systemic sclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, and other maladies have been strongly associated with exposures to single chemicals and mixtures of chemicals. The single chemicals include sihca dust, VC, mercuric chloride, trichloroethylene, HCB, hydrazine, and tartrazine. Mixtures include epoxy resins, hair dyes, paint thinners and other (unspecified) organic solvent mixtures, industrial emissions, airborne particulate matter, and hazardous waste-site emissions [27-32],... 

Immunosuppressive agents are indicated for the therapy of systemic autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus... 

The anti-DNA antibody has been used as a marker molecule of Systemic Lupus Erthematosus (SLE) which is a severe autoimmune disease. Enzyme immunoassay is the most reliable, widely used method of assay however, the electrochemical detection method reported here should be interesting for the purpose of a rapid and convenient diagnostic tool of SLE. 

Non-infectious causes of meningitis include malignancy, medications, autoimmune disease (such as lupus), and trauma.8,9 The most common pathogens causing bacterial meningitis, by age group and other risk factors, are found in Table 67-1. 

Kovacic, P.J., J.D., Systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases from endogenous and exogenous agents unifying theme of oxidative stress, Mini Rev. Med Chem., 3, 568, 2003. 

Baeza, I., Levya, E., Campos, B., Lara, M., Ibanez, M., Farfan, N., Orozco, J., Flores-Romo, L., Hernandez-Pando, R., and Wong, C., Antibodies to non-bilayer phospholipids arrangements induce a murine autoimmune disease resembling human lupus, Eur. J. Immunol., 34, 576, 2004. 

McDonagh, J.E. and Isenberg, D.A., Development of additional autoimmune diseases in a population of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Ann. Rheum. Dis., 59, 230, 2000. 

A recent report by the National Institutes of Health estimated that at 14 to 22 million people in the United States are affected by an autoimmune disease.1 As a group, these diseases represent a leading cause of death among women under age 65, with systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes being the major sources of this impact on mortality.2 The autoimmune thyroid diseases, type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis are the most common of the autoimmune diseases (Table 25.1).3-5 Most autoimmune diseases disproportionately affect women. In the thyroid diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjogren s syndrome, more than 85% of patients are female, but it is not known why the female predominance is so high in these specific diseases. 

For some autoimmune diseases, little is known about environmental factors involved in the initiation or progression of the disease. For other diseases, however, considerable research has been conducted on one or more types of exposures. Most epidemiologic studies of environmental influences have focused on multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and small vessel vasculitis, but experimental studies using murine models of these diseases is limited (Table 25.1). 

One of the primary reasons ultraviolet radiation is of interest in the context of autoimmune diseases is because of induction of photosensitive cutaneous lesions (cutaneous lupus erythematosus)82 and dermatomyositis.83 A recent global evaluation of the frequency of dermatomyositis and associated autoantibodies in referral centers around the world showed a positive correlation with the intensity of ultraviolet irradiation at those locations.84... 

Strong mechanistic evidence from rodent models of autoimmune disease of viral or other infectious agents affecting autoimmunity or progression to overt disease, but harder to demonstrate in humans. Enterovirus (Coxsackie virus) focus of epidemiologic studies in type 1 diabetes, Epstein-Barr virus focus of epidemiologic studies in multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. 

Wandl, U.B. et al., Lupus-like autoimmune disease induced by interferon therapy for myeloproliferative disorders, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 65, 70, 1992. 

Nishimura H, Nose M, Hiai H, Minato N, Honjo T Development of lupus-like autoimmune diseases by disruption of the PD-1 gene encoding an ITIM motifcarrying immunoreceptor. Immunity 1999 11 141-151. 

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