Australian Standards, sampling

A 13C/12C ratio about 3% above that of a standard value (the so-called VPDB standard) had been found in western Australian rock samples from the Pilbara Formation similar values were found for the Isua rock. However, since this no longer had its original morphology, the yeast-like relicts found by Pflug (1978) may not be real, and doubts have been cast, in particular by the American scientists J. W. Schopf andE. Roedder (Breuer, 1981,1982). Neither the Isua microfossils nor their 13C/12C isotope ratio could convince Bill Schopf that 3.8-billion-year-old samples were really involved. The Isua graphite flakes could also be a charred residuum from the... 

Finally, in Table 1 are shown the Rochester results for an Australian sucrose sample which is being considered as a new contemporary standard and which is being measured by all the major radiocarbon dating laboratories worldwide. The 14C/12C ratio compared to that for the ratio in A.D. 1950 is shown along with an indication of the range of values obtained at other values. The sample sizes employed range from about 1 to 10 milligrams. 

It should be pointed out here that the above quoted limits of minimum cutter width of 3D and the maximum cutter velocity of 0.6 m/s have not yet been accepted universally but Gy4 has published some experimental work to support this recommendation. The US standard ASTM D 2234 recommends the limit of 18 in/s (0.457 m/s) whilst the Australian Standard AS2646 allows cutter velocities up to 1.5 m/s except for secondary (and subsequent) sampling stages when the limit is 0.6 m/s both standards referring to sampling of coal. 

Umbilical cord blood and capillary blood samples, collected using standardized techniques (Australian Standards Association, 1983) at age 6 months, 15 months, 2 years, and annually thereafter, were assayed for blood lead (PbB). Blood lead assays were made using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry, after standard complexing and extraction of lead (Australian Standards Association, 1984). The laboratory undertaking the analyses participates in several national and international quality control programmes. Crude blood lead levels were standardized to a packed cell volume (PCV) of 35% before being included in subsequent data analysis (except in cord blood where standardization was to a PCV of 50%). A capillary-venous correlation coefficient of + 0.97 has been achieved in a sample of children of this age using these techniques (ACH, unpublished data). 

ACH. Department of Chemical Pathology, Adelaide Children s Hospital (unpublished data) Australian Standards Association (1984). Australian Standard Project No. CH/006-0030. Method for the determination of lead in whole blood (Electrothermal atomisation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method). (Melbourne Australian Standards Association) Australian Standards Association (1983). Australian Standard 2636 Sampling of venous and capillary blood for the determination of lead content. (Melbourne Australian Standards Association)... 

Following are some data from an Australian soil trial in which a sample of soil was analyzed three times by each of 10 laboratories for TP A (total peroxide acidity expressed as moles per tonne). The results are given in spreadsheet 2.3. The sample variance is calculated as the square of the sample standard deviation, and the Cochran statistic is calculated from equation 2.20. 

The isolation of the benzolactone enamide salicylihalamide A 17101 (Scheme 6.1 Part 2) was guided by the NCI s Drug Discovery Research and Development, Developmental Therapeutics Program screen for differential cytotoxicity, which showed that the Australian sample of Haliclona possessed a unique 60 cell line profile. Nanomolar potency was evident in the melanoma cell lines (GI50 = 7 nM) and a COMPARE analysis of the 60 cell line data indicated vascular ATPase (V-ATPase) activity potential. Further study of this structure class determined that salicylihalamide A is equipotent to the V-ATPase standards bafilomycin A and concanamycin A,273 but unlike these standards, selectively inhibits mammalian V-ATPases. 

In January 2008, Australian actor Heath Ledger was found dead, and toxicology analysis revealed the presence of prescription medication. Oxycodone and hydrocodone (opioid analgesics) diazepam, temazepam, and alprazolam (benzodiazepines) and doxylamine (antihistamine) were all found in the samples from the deceased. The coroner in the case concluded that death was due to the combined effects of these drugs. As mentioned, GC-MS has been the gold standard for these types of analyses however, LC-MS/MS in particular is being reported in the scientific literature. 

The volatile matter of coal is determined under rigidly controlled standards. In Australian and British laboratories, this involves heating the coal sample to 900°C 5°C (1650°F 10°F) for 7 min in a cylindrical silica crucible in a muffle furnace. The ASTM standard method of analysis involves heating coal to 950°C 25°C (1740 45 F) in a vertical platinum crucible. 

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