Atropine, oxidation

Furaltadone 332.9 Methdilazine Hydrochloride 341.8 Atropine Oxide Hydrochloride... 

Atropine methobromide, 365 Atropine methonitrate, 365 Atropine methylbromide, 365 Atropine oxide, 365 Atropine oxide hydrochloride, 365 Atropine sulpha.te, 364 Atropinol, 363 Atropisol, 364 Atropt, 364... 

Methyl atropine nitrate (10)(or bromide) is a synthetic quaternary derivative of atropine. Atropine oxide (atropineN-oxide)is known as a genatropine (1 l)and may be prepared by oxidation of the alkaloid with hydrogen peroxide. 

Oxide B,HCl [4574-60-1]. Atropine oxide hydrochloride, USAN. Atropigen. Prop inox. Xtro Prisms (EtOH). Mp 192-193°. 

Janus blue Chloride, in J-00002 Atropine oxide hydrochloride, in... 

Atropine causes dilation of the pupil of the eye. A drop or two of an aqueous solution, containing 1 part in 130,000 parts of water, introduced into the eye of a cat is sufficient to produce this effect. When warmed with sulphuric acid and a small crystal of potassium dichromate, atropine develops a bitter almond odour. Evaporated to dryness on a water-bath with concentrated nitric acid, it gives a residue which becomes violet on adding a drop of sodium hydroxide solution in alcohol (Vitali s test). With a solution of mercuric chloride atropine gives a yellow to red precipitate of mercuric oxide. 

This synthetic tropidine was converted into bromodihydrotropidine by hydrogen bromide in aeetie aeid, and the solution heated with 10 per cent, sulphurie acid at 200-10°, when it passed into -tropine,and, sinee this may be partially converted into tropine by oxidation to tropinone and reduction of the latter by zinc dust and hydriodic acid, this series of reactions affords a complete synthesis of tropine and of the tropeines. Combining the formula given above for tropine with that of tropic acid, atropine and hyoscyamine are represented as follows ... 

Oxidation of ecgonine (2) by means of chromium trioxide was found to afford a keto acid (3). This was formulated as shown based on the fact that the compound undergoes ready themnal decarboxylation to tropinone (4)The latter had been obtained earlier from degradative studies in connection with the structural determination of atropine (5) and its structure established independently. Confirmation for the structure came from the finding that carbonation of the enolate of tropinone does in fact lead back to ecgonine. Reduction, esterification with methanol followed by benzoylation then affords cocaine. 

The degradation of atropine has been examined in Pseudomonas sp. strain AT3 and produces tropine as the initial metabolite. The degradation of this proceeds by oxidative... 

Long MT, BA Bartholomew, Ml Smith, PW Trudgill, DJ Hopper (1997) Enzymology of oxidation of tropic acid to phenylacetic acid in metabolism of atropine by Pseudomonas sp. strain AT3. J Bacteriol 179 1044-1050. 

About scaritoxin, the following results were reported. This toxin was found to depress the oxidative metabolic process in the rat brain (20) and to have a depolarizing action on excitable membranes (38). In the guinea-pig atria, scaritoxin caused a marked potentiation of the acetylcholine negative inotropic and chronotropic effects (39). In rat atria, we observed biphasic inotropic and chronotropic effects similar to those of ciguatoxin. Negative inotropic and chronotropic effects were antagonized by atropine. 

Both atropine and scopolamine are tertiary amines that cross biological membranes readily. They are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and conjunctiva and can cross the blood-brain barrier. After the intravenous injection of atropine (oL-hyoscyamine), the biologically inactive isomer, D-hyoscyamine, is excreted unchanged in the urine. The active isomer, however, can undergo dealkylation, oxidation, and hydrolysis. 

To disinfect water (well, ponds) for stomach wash in alkaloidal poisoning (except atropine cocaine which are not efficiently oxidized). 

Drugs may be solid at room temperature (eg, aspirin, atropine), liquid (eg, nicotine, ethanol), or gaseous (eg, nitrous oxide). These factors often determine the best route of administration. The most common routes of administration are described in Chapter 3. The various classes of organic compounds—carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and their constituents—are all represented in pharmacology. 

Methylparaben, Propylparaben preservative magnesium trisilicate, talc, tragacanth, sodium alginate, essential oils, sorbitol and atropine, yellow iron oxide, and ultramarine blue... 

The reaction depicted also proceeds between pyridine oxide in its neutral form and the double amount of benzophenone metal-ketyl. Pyridine bases (not N-oxides) do not react with the ketyls. The N-oxides of pyridine and y-picoline give both the N-oxide of the pyridyl carbinol and the pyridyl carbinol without the N-oxide oxygen. Yields can be 70 and 80%, respectively (depending on the metal nature in the metal-ketyl). Having pronounced physiological activity, these compounds are the key materials in syntheses of atropine-like drugs. 

Aspirin does not alter the normal body temperature, which is maintained by a balance between heat production and dissipation. In a fever associated with infection, increased oxidative processes enhance heat production. Aspirin acts by causing cutaneous vasodilation, which prompts perspiration and enhances heat dissipation. This effect is mediated via the hypothalamic nuclei, as proved by the fact that a lesion in the preoptic area suppresses the mechanism through which aspirin exerts its antipyretic effects. The antipyretic effects of aspirin may be due to its inhibition of hypothalamic prostaglandin synthesis. Although aspirin-induced diaphoresis contributes to its antipyretic effects, it is not an absolutely necessary process, because antipyresis takes place in the presence of atropine. 

A new method for the rapid separation of alkaloids, inter alia atropine, has been elaborated, using chromatography on paper that is impregnated with zirconium oxide.57 Cation-exchange h.p.l.c. analysis of tropane alkaloids has been developed,58 followed by post-column derivatization using the fluorimetric ion-pair technique.58,59 Gas chromatography of tropanes has been reviewed.60... 

Proton61 and carbon-1362 n.m.r. spectroscopy have recently been used extensively for the analysis of tropane alkaloids. The non-equivalence of H-6 and H-7 on the one hand and of H-2 and H-4 on the other in atropine and scopolamine is due to the non-symmetrical shielding by the tropic acid moiety. The configuration of A-substituents, e.g. N-oxides, has been determined by studying the deshielding of the 6- and 7/3-hydrogens. All of these results should be useful for the identification of new tropane alkaloids and other related systems in the future. 

CL systems other than luminol have also been used, such as the Ru(bpy)2+ (or TBR) system. Chemical reaction of TBR has been achieved by oxidation using cerium(IV) sulfate [283,722] or lead oxide [722]. The addition of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-45) strongly enhanced the CL emission [722]. The TBR system has been applied on a glass chip for the determination of alkaloids, such as codeine [722], or atropine and pethidine [283]. 

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