Atomic transactions

You can model the system context, and corresponding scenarios, system type model, and action specs, at any consistent level of granularity. The actions should be refined to the level where completion of the action accomplishes an atomic transaction with the system, and must be completed in its entirety by the actor to be meaningfully handled by the system. 

Clark, C.H.D. 1935. The Periodic Groups of Non-hydride Di-atoms. Transactions of the Faraday Society 3 1017-1036. 

Liu, H. W., "Stress-Corrosion Cracking and the Interaction Between Crack-Tip Stress Field and Solute Atoms," Transaction of the ASME, Journal of Basic Engineering, Vol. 92, 1970, pp. 633-638. 

HW Liu, Stress-corrosion cracking and the interaction between crack-tip stress field and solute Atoms, Transactions of the ASME Journal of Basic Engineering, 1970, 92, 633-638. 

Hypothesis," Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 14 (1887) 71120 "On a Certain Atomic Hypothesis," Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 20 (1889) 3863 and "Ether Squirts. Being an Attempt to Specialize the Form of Ether Motion which Forms an Atom in a Theory Propounded in Former Papers." American Journal of Mathematics 13 (1891) 309362. 

It is a commonplace of electronic theories that chemical change is an electrical transaction and that reagents act by virtue of a constitutional affinity, either for electrons or for atomic nuclei. When, for example, an electron-seeking reagent attacks some center in an organic molecules. . . [reaction will occur if the center can supply electrons],72... 

Both transactions and conversations are examples of atomic actions [Lomet 1977], in that viewed from the outside they appear to perform their activity as a single indivisible action. (In practice transaction-support systems also implement other properties, such as durability , i.e., a guarantee that the results produced by completed transactions will not be lost as a result of a computer hardware fault.) And both rely on backward error recovery. 

Figure 2.19 ORTEP plot for Nd(L )3phen with ellipsoids drawn at the 30% probability level. Hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity [35]. (Reproduced from J. Feng, J.B. Yu, S.Y. Song, L.N. Sun, W.Q. Ean, XM. Guo, S. Dang and H.J. Zhang, Near-infrared luminescent xerogel materials covalently bonded with ternary lanthanide [Er(III), Nd(III), Yb(III), Sm(III)] complexes, Dalton Transactions, 13, 2406-2414, 2009, by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry.)...

Figure 2.24 Asymmetric unit of Eu(L )3(DDXPO) thermal ellipsoids drawn with 30% probability, H atoms, and non-coordinated solvent molecules omitted for clarity [34], (Reproduced from D.B.A. Raj, S. Biju and M.L.R Reddy, 4,4,5,5,5-Pentafluoro-l-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-l,3-pentanedione complex of Eu with 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-drmethylxanthene oxide as a promising hght-conversion molecular device, Dalton Transactions, 36, 7519-7528, 2009, by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry.)...

Figure 2.43 (a) [Lns] clusters, hydrogen atoms have been removed for clarity (b) view of the cluster where ligands have been removed for clarity [77]. (Reproduced from S. Petit, F. Baril-Robert, G. Pilet, C. Reber and D. Luneau, Luminescence spectroscopy of europium(III) and terbium(III) penta-, octa-and nonanuclear clusters with fS-diketonate ligands, Dalton Transactions, 34, 6809-6815, 2009, by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry.)... 

Robert Siegfried, From Elements to Atoms A History of Chemical Composition, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 92, part 4, 2002, 56-73 ( Stagnation of Chemical Theory 1675-1750 ). 

The methods officially used in the wine trade transactions are summarized in Table 8.1. Generally, the OIV methods are officially adopted in the European Union without significant technical changes. The methods reported are mainly colorimetric, titrimetric, or use Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES, e.g. Flame Spectrophotometry), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Hydride Generation-AAS (HG-AAS), Electrothermal-AAS (ET-AAS) and Vapour Atomic Flourescence Spectrophotometry (VAF). 

S. Ishiyama, Electricity and Hydrogen Multi Production Process with New Solid Electrolyte for HTGR, (1) Transaction of Japan Atomic Energy Society (in Japanese), Vol. 2, No. 1 p. 14 (2003)... 

The transaction concept is a major cornerstone of database theory. Transactions are used to describe atomic operations, i.e. operations which are free from interference with operations being performed on behalf of concurrent clients and either an operation must be completed successfully or it must have no effect at all. 

Atomicity. All operations of a transaction must be completed, i.e. a transaction is treated as an indivisible unit. 

For database transactions, the properties of atomicity, consistency and isolation guarantee the avoidance of database anomalies (e.g. inconsistencies, phantom updates etc.). But the ACID properties are also suited to classify anomalies and related attacks in critical communication infrastructure. 

Information exchange processes in a communication infrastructure can be modeled as transactions that have to fulfill the ACID properties. If a transaction does not properly proceed and finish, the ACID properties provide a direct categorization of the related anomaly. Based on this categorization, appropriate and effective countermeasures can be applied. A direct violation of the atomicity property, for example, corresponds to a denial-of-service attack, as the transaction is not completed and therefore the requested service is not provided. A buffer overflow represents a violation of consistency, and a race condition a violation of isolation. Other attacks can be classified accordingly. The corresponding anomalies can be detected by comparing protocol and process runs with the given specifications, which are represented by extended finite state machines. 

In these transactions, electrons - often combined with protons into hydrogen atoms -are transferred from a donor to an acceptor down a difference in energy level, which is measured by the difference between the redox potentials of the two reactants. A very large number of such reactions participate in metabolism. To be able to serve for ATP regeneration, electron transfers must satisfy two conditions (1) they must release enough energy to power the reversal of Reaction 10.1 and (2) they must be coupled to the reversal of this reaction - that is, constrained in such a way that they can take place only if ADP and inorganic phosphate condense to ATP at the same time. 

ACID Properties of transaction processing atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. 

J.A. Alonso, J.S. Arellano, L.M. Molina, A. Rubio and M.J. Lopez, Interaction of molecular and atomic hydrogen with single-wall carbon nanotubes , IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 3, 304 (2004). 

In 1823, Herschel [15] in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh published his observations of the colors of flames produced by the introduction of alkaline earth salts. The green color obtained with barium salts is due to BaOH and the reddish color characteristic of strontium salts is caused by SrOH. The red colors of fireworks can also be attributed to emission from SrOH [16]. It was not until the 1950s that modern flame studies [17, 18] identified the molecules that are responsible for the alkaline earth flame colors. In contrast to the alkaline earths, the flame colors of the alkali elements are produced by atomic emission. The formation of molecules such as CaOH and SrOH, in fact, greatly complicates the use of flame absorption and emission for the determination of the concentrations of alkaline earth elements in analytical chemistry. 

The transaction must have the four properties referred to by the acronym ACID atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability ... 

Atomicity means that all the operations of the transaction succeed or they aU fail. If the client or the server fails during a transaction, the transaction must appear to have either completed successfully or failed completely. 

Tansawa, Y., Miyasaka, Y. and Umehara, M., Atomization with Rotating Disk I-II-III, Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 25(156) 879, 888, 897, 1959. 

Y. Hardalupas, J.H. Whitelaw Interaction between sprays from multiple coaxial airblast atomizers. Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, 118, 762-771 (19%). 

P. W. Loustalan, M. H. Davy, P. A. Williams, Experimental investigation into the liquid sheet break-up of high-pressure DISI swirl atomizers, SAE 2003 Transactions, vol. 112, section 4, J. Fuels Lubricants ISBN 0-7680-1451-4, pp. 2124-2134 (2004). 

T. Menard, P. Beau, S. Tanguy, F. Demoulin, A. Berlemont, Primary break-up DNS of liquid jet to improve atomization modelling, WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences 50 (2005) 343. 

Bose s derivation resulted in hardware that compared directly at the instruction level to Hunt s LSI realization (Bose 1994). Beneath the instruction level granularity, the two devices were significantly different. A important difference lies in the memory implementations used. The FM specification models memory as a simple, functional object, subject to atomic read and write operations. In Hunt s implementations, memory transactions involve an explicit, four-phase handshake. 

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