Atmosphere electromagnetic radiation

The sample should be liquid or in solution. It is pumped and nebulized in an argon atmosphere, then sent through a plasma torch that is, in an environment where the material is strongly ionized resulting from the electromagnetic radiation produced by an induction coil. Refer to the schematic diagram in Figure 2.8. 

All of the energy that drives the atmosphere is derived from a minor star in the universe—our sun. The planet that we inhabit, earth, is 150 million km from the sun. The energy received from the sun is radiant energy—electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic spectrum is shown in Fig. 17-1. Although this energy is, in part, furnished to the atmosphere, it is primarily received at the earth s surface and redistributed by several... 

The aurora borealis, a spectacular atmospheric light show shown in Figure 7-25. originates in the thermosphere. In addition to electromagnetic radiation, the sun emits a steady stream of protons and electrons. The Earth s magnetic field deflects most of these particles, but some reach the thermosphere above the north and south poles of the... 

Cosmic Rays—High-energy particulate and electromagnetic radiations which originate outside the earth s atmosphere. 

Blackbody Radiation The process by which solar energy absorbed by the Earth is transformed into longer wavelengths and reradiated back into the atmosphere. In physics, a blackbody is a perfect adsorber of electromagnetic radiation that can be released at other wavelengths with no loss of total energy. 

The acids formed are hygroscopic and absorb moisture from the atmosphere to produce submicron-sized droplets of an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid and a series of polyphosphoric acids. It is the mist of these acids which constitutes the white smoke cloud and scatters visible and near-IR electromagnetic radiation. The amount of smoke formed depends on the RH of the atmosphere. Under high humidity conditions, it is possible to achieve yield factors of four or even higher. 

The energy required to break bonds can also come from the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. As the radiation is absorbed by reactant molecules, the atoms in the molecules may start to vibrate so rapidly that the bonds between them are easily broken. In many instances, the direct absorption of electromagnetic radiation is all it takes to break chemical bonds and initiate a chemical reaction. As we discuss in Chapter 17, for example, the common atmospheric pollutant nitrogen dioxide, N02, may transform to nitrogen monoxide and atomic oxygen merely upon exposure to sunlight ... 

In these higher layers of the atmosphere, complex interactions between the fluxes of electromagnetic radiation of various wavelengths and... 

For many reasons atomic spectroscopy continues to be one of the most rapidly developing branches of physics. This is primarily due to the creation of very stable and monochromatic lasers, allowing one to selectively excite various atomic states, to create very highly excited (Rydberg) atoms, and due to the occurrence of new possibilities, given by non-atmospheric astrophysics, which allow one to register the electromagnetic radiation... 

There are two categories of remote sensing, active and passive. Passive techniques utilise electromagnetic radiation emitted from or transmitted through the atmosphere, the radiation source being for example the black body emission from the earth s surface or solar and stellar irradiances. The most critical part of a passive remote sensing instrument is its detector. In contrast, active remote sensing systems have their own radiation source and a detector, for example, radar and lidar techniques. 

Electromagnetic radiation from atmospheric gases is rich with information on species concentrations, temperatures, chemical reaction processes, and other parameters. Measurement of many of the properties of gases using infrared techniques, i.e., by measuring the absorption and emission characteristics of the gases is now common. 

Sensor Performance. The intensity of electromagnetic radiation transmitted through an optical path of length L of an atmosphere that is not optically thick can be described by ... 

The reaction sequence shown above illustrates three important aspects of chemistry that will be shown to be very important in the discussion of atmospheric chemistry in Section 2.8. The first of these is that a reaction may be initiated by a photochemical process in which a photon of light (electromagnetic radiation) energy produces a reactive species, in this case the Cl- atom. The second point illustrated is the high chemical reactivity of free radical species with unpaired electrons and incomplete octets of valence electrons. The third point illustrated is that of chain reactions, which can multiply manyfold the effects of a single reaction-initiating event, such as the photochemical dissociation of Cl2. 

Figure 2.9 The two lower layers of the atmosphere. Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere, a region in which the temperature decreases with increasing altitude, and above that is the thermosphere, a region characterized by increasing temperature with increasing altitude. These two regions play a very important role in filtering out high-energy solar electromagnetic radiation before it reaches Earth s surface.

Interactions of electromagnetic radiation with particles Transport and deposition Atmospheric visibility radiative transfer in combustors analytical chemistry of particles military applications Process equipment fouling thin-film deposition microcontamination filtration kinetic theory of rarefied gases hydrodynamics atmospheric dry and wet deposition. 

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