Warfare, asymmetrical

Asymmetrical warfare in all of its forms is a growing concern for the world community. Controlling conflicts of this type is important for world peace. The introduction of the nations approach, and the modified right in particular, would have a mitigating effect on some justifications for asymmetrical warfare and especially for terrorism enacted in the name of self-determination. The implementation of the nations approach and the modified right cannot eliminate all justifications for the actions of non-state combatants, but it renders invalid those that have to do with claims to self-determination and demands for the equality of status of substate and state-endowed groups. 

Where does this leave the international community with respect to its response to asymmetrical warfare, and in particular to terrorism The moral force of retahating 

Turning non-state national groups into equal international actors by recognizing their status makes it more incumbent upon them to exhibit appropriate international behavior. If they are equal subjects of international law and parties to the war convention, their responsibility is similar to that of all state-endowed subjects. As recognized international members that are expected to behave in accordance with international norms, which they accept by virtue of their membership, and they can be held responsible if they do not comply with the relevant norms. 

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For more on weapons of choice in asymmetric warfare, see Roberts, Bradley. 1998. Biological Weapons in Major Theater War, Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, Va., November, and Roberts, Bradley. 2000. Asymmetric Conflict 2010, Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, Va., November. 

Adequate protection against the broad spectrum of toxic industrial chemicals and materials that might be employed in asymmetric warfare is currently lacking. 

In asymmetric warfare and terrorism, it is sometimes difficult to recognize or identify the enemy. Because terrorists may avail themselves of toxic industrial chemicals and materials that are transported and already stockpiled, a working knowledge of the chemistry of chemical warfare agents is no longer a necessity. 

A wide variety of modes that may serve for operating bioterrorism is described. Essentially aimed at attaining advantage through asymmetric warfare, they may lead, at most, to an impact equaling catastrophic terrorism. They might be limited, inversely, to merely assassination. Hoax acts are visited as well. One-man operational mode can bring about any of the mentioned outcomes. 

The operational modes marking bioterrorism are closely related to asymmetric and catastrophic warfare. Asymmetric warfare is a military term to describe warfare in which the two belligerents are mismatched in their total capabilities or accustomed methods of engagement such that the inferior side must press its special advantages or effectively exploit its enemy s particular weaknesses if they are to have any hope of prevailing [102-104]. Thus, asymmetric warfare is a recipe for engaging an opponent who has superior military power at his disposal and where... 

Grange D L (2001). Asymmetric warfare. The Officer. Available http //www. findarticles.eom/p/articles/mi m01BY/is 2 77/ai 73326816 continue. 

Keywords Law of armed conflict International armed conflict Non-intemational armed conflict Asymmetric warfare Guerrilla warfare Soft law... 

The Predominance of Asymmetric Warfare in the Post-Protocols Era—From the... 

The Predominance of Asymmetric Warfare in the Post-Protocols Era—From the End of the Cold War, to 9/11 and Beyond... 

The idea of a revolution in military affairs (RMA) is a central topic in strategic studies in the last quarter century—one that posits that technological advances require a complete rethink of military strategy. For an overview of the concept see further Wilhamson and Knox 2001 Singh 1998. For an assessment of the interaction between RMA and asymmetric warfare, see further Benbow 2009. 

Banks W (2011) Towards an adaptive international humanitarian law. In Banks W (ed) New battlefields, old laws critical debates on asymmetric warfare. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 1-22... 

Benbow T (2009) Irresistible force or immovable object The revolution in military affairs and asymmetric warfare. Defense Secur Anal 25 21-36... 

Benvenisti E (2010) The legal battle to define the law on transnational asymmetric warfare. Duke J Comp Int Law 20 339-359... 

Fearon J, Laitin D (2003) Ethnicity, insurgency and civil war. Am PoUt Sci Rev 97 75-90 GeiB R (2006) Asymmetric conflict structures. Int Rev Red Cross 88 757-777 Goulding Jr V (2000-2001) Back to the future with asymmetric warfare. Parameters 30 21-30 Greenwood C (2003) The laws of war (international humanitarian law). In Evans M (ed) International law. OUP, Oxford, pp 789-824... 

Scahill J (2013) Dirty wars the world is a battlefield. Serpent s Tad, London Schachter O (1977) The twilight existence of nonbinding agreements. Am J Int Law 71 296-304 Schmitt M (2008) Asymmetrical warfare and international humanitarian law. Air Force Law Rev 62 1 2... 

Asymmetric Warfare War between two opposing countries or armed forces in which one possesses significant advantages in technology, often forcing the weaker combatant to resort to imconventional means of warfare. 

After the Cold War, the rise of the asymmetric warfare and the emergence of chemical terrorism (e.g., the Sarin attack in Japan) show the necessity for the development of new efficient decontamination media. The danger arising from the accidental release of toxic chemicals after the destruction of industrial plants also has to be considered. Hence, effective decontaminants are very much needed for mihtary decontamination forces but also for civilian first responders and firefighters [1],... 

An earlier version of the discussion of the consequences of the introduction of the modified tight (now presented in parts of this chapter and of Chapter 6) was published in Anna Moltchanova, Stateless national groups, international justice, and asymmetrical warfare, The Journal of Political Philosophy, 13(2), June 2005, 194-215, publisher WUey and Sons Ltd. 

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