Neurons astrocytes

Endothelial cells are the major source of ET-1-synthesis. ET-1 is also produced by astrocytes, neurons, hepatocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, renal epithelial and mesangial cells. Physiological stimuli of ET-1-synthesis in endothelial cells are angiotensin II, catecholamines, thrombin, growth factors, insulin, hypoxia and shear stress. Inhibitors of ET-1 synthesis are atrial natriuretic peptide, prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin. ET-2 is mainly synthesized in kidney, intestine, myocardium and placenta and ET-3 is predominantely produced by neurons, astrocytes and renal epithelial cells. 

Parpura V, Basarsky TA, Liu F, Jeftinija S, Haydon PG (1994) Glutamate-mediated astrocyte-neuron signalling. Nature 369 744-747... 

The main source of brain energy metabolism is the continuous availability of glucose from the blood. To some extent, energy can be derived from glycogen, stored in astrocytes. Neurons also use lactate as an energy source, even under normoxic conditions. During neuronal activation, lactate may even be the... 

The aquaporin isoforms have different distributions in various tissues or organs and often the site of localization suggests the function. The aquaporins so far found in brain are AQP1 in choroid plexus AQP4 in astrocytic processes and AQP9, an aquaglycerol transporter, in astrocytes. Neurons have not yet been found to contain any aquaporin. 

The astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis is controversial 542... 

The astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis is controversial. In recent years the possibility that lactate, formed within the brain and released by astrocytes, is an important neuronal substrate both for energy and incorporation into neurotransmitters has been the subject of many studies and considerable controversy. There is evidence that suggests transient release of lactate in human brain on stimulation [48,8,88], Little is known about the highly active metabolism that takes place in the many elaborate, lamellar distal processes of astrocytes dispersed through the neuropil and interacting with an estimated >100,000 synapses [82, and references therein]. However, it is well established that astrocytes do respond to neuronal activity [89], For example, in the isolated mouse optic nerve preparation, upon stimulation, astrocytic glycogen... 

Human oligodendrocytes make pregnenolone, astrocytes, neurons do not (Brown et al., 2000). 

APOE is expressed at high levels in hepatocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and astrocytes. Neurons also express APOE at lower levels than astrocytes in response to various physiological and pathological conditions, including excitotoxic stress. Neuronal expression of APOE is regulated by a diffusible factor or factors released from astrocytes, and this regulation depends on the activity of the Erk kinase pathways in neurons (499). 

Subiculum did not show significant differences compared to CA1. Ischemia tended to increase the BrdU+ cells, particularly in the subicular part adjacent to neighboring C A1. The proliferating cells were microglia and a few were astrocytes. Neuronal or oligodendroglial cell proliferation was not observed. 

Adherent cells have also been patterned using cell-adhesive and non-cell-adhesive microdomains created on a glass coverslip. This coverslip was then bonded with a PDMS channel layer for cell patterning [857]. For instance, endothelia or astrocyte-neuron cocultures were plated only on the cell-adhesive poly-L-lysine microdomains, but not on the non-adhesive agarose (1%) microdomains. Subsequently, calcium wave measurements were made to study calcium signaling of cells in two modes (1) within confluent cell microdomains, and (2) across neighboring, but spatially disconnected, microdomains [857]. 

Bergles, D. E., andjahr, C. E. (1997). Synaptic activation of glutamate transporters in hippocampal astrocytes. Neuron 19, 1297-1308. 

Theodosis, D. T., Poulain, D. A., and diet, S. H. R. (2008). Activity-dependent structural and functional plasticity of astrocyte-neuron interactions. Physiol. Rev. 88, 983-1008. 

Pellerin, L., Pellegri, G., Bittar, P. G., Char-nay, Y., Bouras, C., Martin, J. L., Stella, 9 N., Magistretti, P. J. Evidence supporting the existence of an activity-dependent astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle. Dev. Neu- 10 rosci. 1998, 20 291-299. 

Initially, there is a confused state, Korsakoff s psychosis, that is characterized by confabulation and loss of recent memory, although memory for past events may be unimpaired. Later, clear neurological signs develop - Wernicke s encephalopathy. This is characterized by nystagmus and extraocular palsy. Postmortem examination shows hemorrhagic lesions in the thalamus, pontine tegmentum, and mammillary body, with severe damage to astrocytes, neuronal dendrites, and myelin sheaths. 

BDNF/TrkB Astrocytes, Neurons Neurons, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes (Soontomniyomkij et al., 1998 Boven et al., 1999)... 

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