Association-induction theory

According to the association-induction theory proposed by Ling (1962), fixed charges on macromolecules and their associated counterions constrain water molecules to form a matrix of polarized multilayers having restricted motion, compared with pure water. The monolayer of water molecules absorbed on the polar sorption site of the molecule is almost immobilized and thus behaves, in many respects, like part of the solid or like water in ice. It has different properties than additional water layers defined as multilayers have. The association-induction theory has been shared by many researchers for many years. Unfortunately, elucidation of the nature of individual layers of water molecules has been less successful, due to the complexity of the system and lack of appropriate techniques. 

Ling, G. N. (1962). A Physical Theory of the Living State The Association-Induction Hypothesis. Blaisdell, Waltham, MA. 

Ling, G. N. (1979). The polarized multilayer theory of cell water according to the association-induction hypothesis. In Cell-Associated Water (Drost-Hansen, W Clegg, J. S., eds.), pp. 261-269, Academic Press, New York. 

The association-induction hypothesis was in its early days known as Ling s fixed-charge hypothesis. In years following, the theory has evolved. The newer version plus results of more than 30 years of experimental testing are presented in a book called In Search of the Physical Basis of Life (Gilbert N. Ling, Plenum Press, 1984). The following is a brief sketch of the key features of the AI hypothesis. 

The purpose of this book is to introduce fibrous inorganic materials, their unique features, and their chemical and structural variety. This survey of fibrous materials, together with a summary of their health and biological effects, provides an opportunity to examine the current theories of disease induction and the hazards associated with exposure, not only to asbestos but to other inorganic fibers as well. 

Munera and Guzman [56] obtained new explicit noncyclic solutions for the three-dimensional time-dependent wave equation in spherical coordinates. Their solutions constitute a new solution for the classical Maxwell equations. It is shown that the class of Lorenz-invariant inductive phenomena may have longitudinal fields as solution. But here, these solutions correspond to massless particles. Hence, in this framework a photon with zero rest mass may be compatible with a longitudinal field in contrast to that Lehnert, Evans, and Roscoe frameworks. But the extra degrees of freedom associated with this kind of longitudinal solution without nonzero photon mass is not clear, at least at the present state of development of the theory. More efforts are needed to clarify this situation. 

In an electrical system, if the power factor is 0.80, 80% of the apparent power is converted into useful work. Apparent power is what the transformer that serves a home or business has to carry in order for that home or business to function. Active power is the portion of the apparent power that performs useful work and supplies losses in the electrical equipment that are associated with doing the work. Higher power factor leads to more optimum use of electrical current in a facility. Can a power factor reach 100% In theory it can, but in practice it cannot without some form of power factor correction device. The reason why it can approach 100% power factor but not quite reach it is because all electrical circuits have inductance and capacitance, which introduce reactive power requirements. The reactive power is that... 

Equation (1-239) relates the interaction-induced part of the dipole moment of the complex AB to the distortion of the electron density associated with the electrostatic, exchange, induction, and dispersion interactions between the monomers. The polarization contributions to the dipole moment through the second-order of perturbation theory (A/a, A/a, and A/a ) have an appealing, partly classical, partly quantum, physical interpretation. The first-order multipole-expanded polarization contribution (F) is due to the interactions of permanent multipole moments on A with moments induced on B by the external field F, and vice versa. The terms... 

In theory, all genes coding for products that are involved in the induction and maintenance of self-tolerance and in regulating immune effector functions as well as organ-specific functions may be involved in defining individual susceptibility. The most clearly established genetic association is with specific alleles within the MHC gene complex. However, with rare exceptions, a specific MHC haplotype is not sufficient for development of autoimmune disease. 

The Avrami model (19,20) states that in a given system under isothermal conditions at a temperature lower than V. the degree of crystallinity or fractional crystallization (70 as a liinction of time (t) (Fig. 11) is described by Equation 5. Although the theory behind this model was developed for perfect crystalline bodies like most polymers, the Avrami model has been used to describe TAG crystallization in simple and complex models (5,9,13,21,22). Thus, the classical Avrami sigmoidal behavior from an F and crystallization time plot is also observed in TAG crystallization in vegetable oils. This crystallization behavior consists of an induction period for crystallization, followed by an increase of the F value associated with the acceleration in the rate of volume or mass production of crystals, and finally a metastable crystallization plateau is reached (Fig. 11). 

Boyle, Robert. (1627-1691). A native of Ireland, Boyle devoted his life to experiments in what was then called natural philosophy, i.e., physical science. He was influenced early by Galileo. His interest aroused by a pump that had just been invented, Boyle studied the properties of air, on which he wrote a treatise (1660). Soon thereafter, he stated the famous law that bears his name (see following entry). Boyle s group of scientific enthusiasts was known as the invisible college , and in 1663 it became the Royal Society of London. Boyle was one of the first to apply the principle that Francis Bacon had described as the new method —namely, inductive experimentation as opposed to the deductive method of Aristotle—and this became and has remained the cornerstone of scientific research. Boyle also investigated hydrostatics, desalination of seawater, crystals, electricity, etc. He approached but never quite stated the atomic theory of matter however, he did distinguish between compounds and mixtures and conceived the idea of particles becoming associated to form molecules. 

A transformer model was devised for the coupling-loss mechanism associated with multifilament superconductors or cable conductors. The model is based on the fact that the loss is induced by an external magnetic field. A physical understanding of such induction phenomena can be obtained by analyzing an equivalent transformer circuit where the conductor is visualized as the secondary circuit with a time constant tq = L2/R2, and the exciting field is modeled as the primary circuit with a current, ii. For the filamentary superconductor, the time constant tq was chosen to be the same as that defined in field theory [% i.e.. 

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