Asset, defined

Debvered-equipment cost Capitabzed cost of a fixed asset defined by Eq. (9-47)... 

Annual income or expenditure particularized by tbe subscript Annual allowances against tax other than for depreciation of fixed assets Annual writing down (depreciation) of fixed assets, allowable against tax Asset-turnover ratio defined by Eq. (9-131)... 

Obviously, the net annual profit must be clearly defined before comparisons are made with other companies. Similarly the term investment in Eq. (9-128) can have a variety of meanings. The two most common ones (used when assessing the profitability of companies as opposed to projects) are total assets and owners equity or capital employed. In the first case, Eq. (9-128) can be written as... 

Asset-turnover ratio (ATR) is a commonly used measure of company performance, defined as... 

Thus (ROA) can be improved by increasing either (ATR) or (PM). A variation of Eq. (9-131) is the fixed-asset turnover ratio (FATR), defined as... 

This is usually defined as the ratio that liquid assets (debtors - - cash) bear to current liabilities. The ratio is a measure of the relation of short-term obligations to the funds likely to be available to meet them. 

Finally a word about efficiency observing time on large telescopes is a valuable asset, both in terms of cost and considering the ratio of observing time available to the time requested by astronomers. Marco et al. (2001) state that the observing efficiency defined as fhe ratio of science shutter time to available dark time is 10-30% for the ADONIS AO system while the corresponding ratio for other instruments is 50-80%. Some of this difference is due to the fact that most AO exposures are of short duration and the readout time is significant. In addition, AO systems use time to close the loop and optimize performance. Observations may also be necessary to characterize the PSF. 

Threat Any indication, circumstance, or event with the potential to cause the loss of, or damage to, an asset. Threat can also be defined as the intention and capability of an adversary to undertake actions that would be detrimental to critical assets. 

On the use of metrics for indicating safety, likelihood and consequence have a principal role and they form the two basic dimensions. When indicating risks, from historical facts and figures, simulations and knowledge, the likelihood and consequences can be established. The actual likelihood and consequence can never be derived exactly and they will always be based on perceptions of risks as discussed in Chapter 1. This perception of risks will in this Chapter be referred to as the perceived risks , which is the defined as the (perceived) likelihood and the perceived consequences of an event. The Sis attempt to indicate this perceived safety related risk in terms of the perceived likelihood and the perceived safety-related consequence of an event. For reasons of clarity the term risk will refer to the perceived safety related risk and consequences will refer to the perceived safety related consequences in the remainder of this Chapter. The consequences are always based on people s perception of how great the damage to people, environment, or assets might be. The likelihood of an event will sometimes be estimated (perceived). 

This list includes all kinds of development work. We have already discussed model frameworks and template packages, which can be valuable to an enterprise. They are white-box assets What you see is what is they offer. By contrast, an executable piece of software, delivered without source code, can perform a useful and well-defined function and yet not be open to internal inspection. Software vendors prefer such black-box components. 

Campaign processes have also variable production time. Different to continuous production, campaign production is related to multi-purpose assets, where different processes and products can run on the same production resource and change-over decisions between campaigns need to be taken. Finally, batch processes have a defined lot size, start and end time of production as well as throughput. 

Among other things, the new emphasis on homeland security pointed to the need to protect and enhance the security of the nation s critical infrastructure. Critical infrastructure can be defined or listed in many ways. Generally, governments use the term to describe material assets that are essential for the functioning of an economy and a society. For the purpose of this text, critical infrastructure is defined as those assets of physical and computer-based systems that are essential to the minimum operations of our economy and government. Critical infrastructures (in the authors opinion), are the following ... 

Carbon nanotubes comprise a very promising material for various applications and especially as an active component in composites and hybrids as will be documented in the other chapters of this book. Harnessing these nanoscopic assets in a macroscopic material would maximize CNTs potential and applicability. The choice of synthesis technique and purification method, which define size, type, properties, quality and purity of CNTs as well as their processability, is crucial for their implementation into composites and hybrids. 

McGrath (1999) explores what she terms an anti-failure bias, which she suggests limits entrepreneurial processes. She defines real options as investment(s) in real assets that preserve the right to make a decision... 

Profits at the site level are calculated in equation (3.84) by subtracting all costs incurred at the site from the revenues realized at the site from finished and intermediate products as calculated by equation (3.85). In addition to the cost items already contained in the basic model formulation, the costs of intermediates received from other sites have to be allocated to the receiving site for tax purposes and the depreciation costs have to be subtracted instead of investment expenditures. Equation (3.86) defines that depreciation costs are calculated by adding to the depreciation plan of old assets (which has to be determined outside the model) depreciation incurred from new investments. Based on the assumption of straight-line depreciation and a depreciation period that exceeds the planning horizon these costs can be calculated as a fixed percentage of the total investments incurred at a site. 

A licence is a permission from the owner of an asset to make use of the asset for specified purpose, period and in a defined geography. Other conditions... 

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