Asphalts samples, sources

Table I The sources, refinery processes and the type of asphalt samples... 

Soxhlet process using n-pentane as an eluent for more than 48 hours. The sources and refinery processes of these asphalt samples are listed in Table I. All of the asphalt samples were obtained through the material bank of Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) which was operated by University of Texas, Austin. 

The sources and refinery processes of these asphalt samples are listed in Table I, including the three types of asphalt. 

No complete surveys of either bitumen sources or ancient townsites exist. Geographical coordinates of the sources of all samples described in the present work are given in Table I along with the names of the investigators who recovered them and from whom they were obtained. Of the 14 archaeological sites and 8 locations for possible source materials listed, asphalts from 7 had been studied previously, and 17 were included in the present investigation. 

Early analyses for 14 archaeological asphalts from various sources are collected in Table II. The late R. J. Forbes of the Shell Laboratories in Amsterdam contributed most, with samples from Ur and Babylon as well as from Mohenjo Daro in the Indus Valley far to the east (3). Analytical methods were not described clearly, yet several similarities in the results of diflEerent analysts are evident. The bitumen content of nine... 

Bitumen Sources. Analyses of possible source materials are given in Table VIII. The seepages of Hit and such bitumen lakes as Abu Gir are the traditional sources for asphalts of the cities of lower Mesopotamia. Despite repeated attempts, samples could not be obtained for analysis. 

All other sources in Table VIII are from Zagros locations, especially the foothills and valleys from Ain Gir to Bebehan from which multiple samples were obtained. The seepages of Ain Gir contained more bitumen and less sand than the dried and rock asphalts, which are much alike. Weathered and unweathered rock asphalts from Mordeh Pel were hardly distinguishable, as were the Bebehan samples in other respects than bitumen content. The samples from M-i-S, Mordeh Pel, and Rijab are probably too lean to have been used as source materials. But the similarities at Ain Gir and Mordeh Pel suggest that the bitumen in any seepages at other sites would have resembled that in the asphalts there. 

Table II shows the results obtained by extracting several Uinta Basin, Utah outcrops with successive organic solvents. All outcrop samples are fairly low in sulfur, most are quite high in nitrogen, and all have low ratios of vanadium to nickel. Only the Raven Ridge sample, which was collected in a creek bed, has a very large fraction of organic material that is not soluble in heptane Benzene-methanol (1 1) and pyridine did not extract much material from any of these samples, so analytical data from these materials are not included in the table. The asphaltenes extracted from P. R. Spring and Southeast Asphalt Ridge tar sands are quite rich in nickel (5/jtmol/g), and nickel porphyrins are found in the heptane-soluble fractions of these tar sands as well as is the heptane-soluble fraction of Whiterocks tar sands. Crudes derived from nonmarine sources are usually much higher in nickel content than in vanadium content, and the Uinta Basin tar sands deposits are all of lacrustine origin and are of tertiary age.

The prominence of car soot and crankcase oil PAHs in sediments supports the suggestion that road runoff and runoff via the sewer system, and not atmospheric deposition, is the main pathway for PAH input to the Harbor sediments. This is also reflected by the similarity in the isotopic values of the PAHs in the sewage and sediment samples (Figure 21). Input of road sweep materials to the sediments was also supported by the presence of asphalt-like particulates similar to those observed in the open-road sweeps. Due to the absence of major industries in the St. John s area, sewage is dominated by domestic sources. Sewage PAH content is, therefore, predominantly derived from aerially deposited pyrolysis products, car emissions, crankcase oil by direct... 

Chrysene occurs as a product of combustion of fossil fuels and has been detected in automobile exhaust. Chrysene has also been detected in air samples collected from a variety of regions nationally and internationally. The concentrations were dependent on proximity to nearby sources of pollution such as traffic highways and industries, and was also dependent on seasons (generally higher concentrations were noted in winter months). Chrysene has also been detected in cigarette smoke and in other kinds of soot and smoke samples (carbon black soot, wood smoke, and soot from premixed acetylene oxygen flames). It has been detected as a component in petroleum products including clarified oil, solvents, waxes, tar oil, petrolatum, creosote, coal tar, cracked petroleum residue, extracts of bituminous coal, extracts from shale, petroleum asphalts, and coal tar pitch. 

Feedstock Source. Three feedstocks were used in this study. All were derived from Uinta Basin, Utah Tar Sand deposits. A Sunnyside bitumen was solvent extracted by procedures previously reported (6) from a freshly mined sample obtained from the old Asphalt Quarry northeast of Sunnyside, Utah. An Asphalt Ridge bitumen was extracted similarly from a sample freshly mined from... 

Source Reproduced from CEN EN 12697-28, Situminous mixtures -Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 23 Preparation of samples for determining binder content, water content and grading, Brussels CEN, 2000. With permission ( CEN). 

Sampling and testing of soil materials are carried out according to established procedures. It is recommended to test all subgrade material within 600 mm of the planned elevation and in embankment areas to test the expected source of the fill material. Apart from the resilient modulus test (AASHTO T 307 2007 Asphalt Institute 1997), all other tests required... 

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