Binders, determination

There are many variations on the pooling approach. While they work well in practice, they all suffer from the same limitation in that the binding capacity of a pool is more a reflection of its bulk affinity rather than its highest affinity member. Consequently, a pool with several high or near-optimal binders may appear superior to one with a better binder, and the wrong pool may be used for the next cycle. The degree of interference caused by these suboptimal binders determines the quality of the search. 

These additives can also be placed into microcapsules with a thin polymer skin. For example, they are filled with natural aromas and applied to the textile from a water dispersion in combination with a polyurethane or silicone binder. The ratio of micro bubbles to binder determines the efficiency and permanence of the finish. Good results after 4-12 washing cycles are reported. The encapsulated materials are released during wearing as the micro bubbles burst from rubbing caused by body movement or by diffusion through the thin layer of the capsules. A market available encapsulation in micro bubbles, built from chitosan, is described by Hampe. The incorporation and controlled release of fragrance compounds is also provided by the sol-gel nano-technique described in Section 18.4. 

Binder removal can be accomplished by thermal decomposition or by dissolutiion. In ceramics, the thermal decomposition method is commonly used and will be considered here. The process is referred to as thermal debinding or, more simply, as binder burnout. In thermal debinding of ceramic green bodies, both chemical and physical factors are important. Chemically, composition of the binder determines the decomposition temperature and the decomposition products. Physically, the removal of the binder is controlled by heat transfer into the body and mass transport of the decomposition products out of the body. 

ISO 2114 2000 Plastics (polyester resins) and paints and varnishes (binders) — Determination of partial... 

CEN EN 1426. 2007. Bitumen ami bituminous binders. Determination of needle penetration. Brussels CEN. 

CEN EN 1427. 2007. Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of the softening point - Ring and Ball method. Brussels CEN. 

CEN EN 1430. 2009. Bitumen and bituminous binders — Determination of particle polarity of bituminous emulsions. Brussels CEN. 

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