Aspartate aminotransferase localization

Clements JR, MadI JE, Johnson RL, Larson AA, Beitz AJ. (1987). Localization of glutamate, glutaminase, aspartate, and aspartate aminotransferase in the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray. Exp Brain Res. 67 594-602. 

Figure 2-10 Ramachandran plot for cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase. The angles and / were determined experimentally from X-ray diffraction data at 0.16 nm resolution and model building. The majority of conformations are those of a helices or of P structure. Glycine residues are indicated by filled circles, while all other residues are denoted by an "x". One of these (green) lies quite far from an allowed area and must give rise to localized strain.104b Extreme lower limit "allowed" regions by the hard-sphere criteria are shown in outline. From coordinates of Arthur Amone et al. (unpublished).106...

Other enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, and aspartate aminotransferase, AST) also indicate tubular injury when present in the urine but they cannot be localized to a specific nephron segment. Despite this, LDH is commonly used as a marker for distal tubular injury (Price 1982 Guder and Ross 1984 Clemo 1998). 

Donoghue JP, Wenthold RJ, Altschuler RA (1985) Localization of glutaminase-like and aspartate aminotransferase-like immunoreactivity in neurons of cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 5 2597-2608. 

Altschuler RA, Neises GR, Harmison GG, Wenthold RJ, Fex J (1981) Immunocytochemical localization of aspartate aminotransferase immunoreactivity in cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78 6553-6557. 

Altschuler RA, Monaghan DT, Haser WG, Wenthold RJ, Curthoys NP, Cotman CW (1985) Immunocytochemical localization of glutaminase-like and aspartate aminotransferase-like immunoreactivities in the rat and guinea pig hippocampus. Brain Res 330 225-233. 

Beitz AJ, Larson AA, Monaghan RA, Altschuler RA, Mullen MM, MadI JE (1986) Immunohistochemical localization of glutamate, glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in neurons of the pontine nuclei of the rat. 

Bolz J, Thier P, Brecha N (1985) Localization of aspartate aminotransferase and cytochrome oxidase in the cat retina. Neurosci Lett 55 315-320. 

Lin C-T, Li J-Z, Wu J-Y (1983) Immunocytochemical localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase, gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase, cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase, aspartate aminotransferase and somatostatin in rat retina. Brain Res 270 273-283. 

Monaghan PL, Beitz AJ, Larson AA, Altschuler RA, Madl JE, Mullett MA (1986) Immunocytochemical localization of glutamate-, glutaminase- and aspartate aminotransferase-like immunoreactivity in the rat deep cerebellar nuclei. Brain Res 363 364-370. 

Recasens M, Delaunoy JP (1981) Immunological properties and immunocytochemical localization of cysteine sulfinate or aspartate aminotransferase-isoenzymes in rat CNS. Brain Res 205 351-361. 

Wenthold RJ, Skaggs KK, Altschuler RA (1986) Immunocytochemical localization of aspartate aminotransferase and glutaminase immunoreactivities in the cerebellum. Brain Res 363 371-375. 

Skin rashes occur in approximately 10% of patients treated with clindamycin, and may be more common in patients with HIV infection. Other reactions, which are uncommon, include exudative erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome), reversible elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anaphylactic reactions. Local thrombophlebitis may follow intravenous administration of the drug. Clindamycin can inhibit neuromuscular transmission and may potentiate the effect of a neuromuscular blocking agent administered concurrently. 

Laboratory abnormalities of routine tests most commonly involve tests of liver function, and patients with acute Q fever may present with a clinical picture of acute hepatitis. Depending on the locale, reported elevations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transferase, or both, in the range of 2- to 3-fold higher than the upper limit of normal, are observed in 50% to 75% of patients, while elevation of the alkaline phosphatase is observed in 10% to 15% of patients. The total bilirubin can be expected to be elevated in 10% to 15% of patients with acute Q fever. The white blood cell count is usually normal the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is elevated in one third of patients.65 Mild anemia or thrombocytopenia may also be observed. 

Density gradient fractionation techniques some time ago demonstrated the presence of glutamateiglyoxylate aminotransferase in leaf peroxisomes (Kisaki and Tolbert, 1%9). Similar methods subsequently confirmed the presence of peroxisome-localized serinerpyruvate and aspartate aminotransferases in spinach leaves (Yamazaki and Tolbert, 1970). The same study demonstrated aspartate aminotransferase in both chloroplasts and mitochondria. A microbody location for aspartate aminotransferase was also observed by Cooper and Beevers (1969), who purified castor bean glyoxy-somes on density gradients. 

C. T and Chen L (1982b) Comparison of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for immunocytochemical localization of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase alpha subform in rat liver / Histochem Cytochem 30, 578 (Abstr.)... 

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