Asians Chinese

CYP2C19 is another example of the existence of both cross-ethnic and inter-individual variations in drug metabolism. This enzyme is involved in the metabolism of many psychotropics such as diazepam and tertiary tricyclic antidepressants, as well as one of the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), citalopram. Using S-mephenytoin as the probe, previous studies showed that up to 20% of East Asians (Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans) are PMs, when only 3-5%... 

The fact that a given company has changed its name during the considered development has been taken into account and all those patents are discussed together. Some difficulties were found with Asian (Chinese or Korean) and European (Rumanian, Russian, etc.) patents, particularly those which do not have a published or any English equivalent. 

African (Ghanaian) Asian (Chinese) Caucasian (Scottish) Pi P2 P3... 

Reversal of the racial hierarchies of late imperialism, which had Europeans (or Japanese in Korea and Taiwan) at the top, outsider Asians (Chinese, Indians and Japanese in Southeast Asia) in the middle and natives at the bottom. 

Ivermectin, a neurotoxic compound in animals with low P-gp expressions, has been safely used in Africa for the prevention and treatment of river blindness. The lack of neurotoxicity in African might be due to the high P-gp expression in African population (Ameyaw et al., 2001). Gene analysis showed a high frequency of the C allele in the African group than British Caucasian, Portuguese, southwest Asian, Chinese, Filipino, and Saudi populations, which implies overexpression of P-gp in African population. 

In an evaluation of the efficacy of tretinoin in the treatment of hyperpigmented lesions associated with photoaging in Asian (Chinese and Japanese) patients, 45 photoaged Asian patients were randomized to treatment with tretinoin or vehicle for 40 weeks [17]. At the end of the treatment period, hyperpigmented lesions of the face and hands were lighter or much lighter in 90% of the tretinoin group, compared with... 

Ethnic differences in MPOD have also been reported, with South Indians displaying higher mean MPOD values (0.64 0.23) [86] than Africans (0.59 0.14) [89], Asian Chinese (0.48 0.23) [90], and white non-Hispanics (0.36 0.13) [89]. 

Diffusion was veiy slow. The earliest clear Chinese reference to a windmill occurs only in 1219. The Chinese adopted the horizontal rotor used in Central Asia, but equipped it with pivoted blades, like Venetian blinds. These windmills did not require shielding walls like Central Asian mills, and could tap wind from any quarter. 

The Shanghai Cosmo at 66, which was created in character with die restaurant s Chinese dieme, is a Lucy Liu of a drink—it lowers its eyes and kicks, die Asian Charlie s Angel. 

High levels of isoflavone consumption are reached only in typical Asian diets (Chen et al., 1999 Nagata et al., 1997 Adlercreutz et al., 1991), with a peak at approximatively 100 mg/day in the Hong Kong Chinese population (Ho et al., 2000). In Western countries, isoflavone intake is much lower. The most recent evaluations in the USA (de Kleijn et al., 2001), as well as in different European countries, indicate a mean intake of isoflavones of less of 1 mg/day. Even amongst EU consumers eating mainly soy foods it does not exceed 6-10 mg/day (van Erp-Baart et al., 2003). 

Monascus is cultivated on solid media in Asian countries to produce a red colorant named Anka and used as a food ingredient. A Chinese medical book on herbs published in the first century first mentioned the terms ang-kak and red mold rice. Red mold rice has been used as a food colorant or spice in cooking. In 1884, the French botanist Philippe van Thieghem isolated a purple mold on potato and linseed cakes and named it Monascus ruber. This ascomycete was so named because it has only one polyspored ascus. In 1895, Went isolated a mold from the red mold rice obtained from a market in Java, Indonesia. This fungus was named Monascus purpureus, after which several other species were isolated around the world. 

The prevalence of PACG is lower than that of POAG and varies significantly by race and ethnicity. It is low in patients of European descent (0.09% to 0.16%) but higher in patients of Chinese (1.3%), Eskimo (2.9% to 5%), and Asian Indian (4.33%) descent. PACG is also more prevalent with increasing age and female gender.5,6... 

Wang CR, Chen PC, Liu MF. Increased circulating CCR3+ type 2 helper T cells in house dust mite-sensitive Chinese patients with allergic diseases. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2003 21(4) 205-210. 

Tea is found in every shape and size, grown and processed everywhere across a wide belt throughout China. In the U.S., we are used to only a few types of tea however, the varieties of Camellia sinensis found in China are almost endless. Each of them is given a name that often reflects the romantic and almost metaphysical nature of tea in Chinese culture. Probably nowhere else in the world is tea worshipped as a mystical and ceremonial beverage as in Asian countries, and especially in China, where C. sinensis finds its roots. 

Chinese depressed patients appeared to require lower dosages, with consequently lower plasma concentrations of sertraline compared to Caucasian patients to achieve clinical efficacy (Ng et al, 2006). Again, this finding has supported the fact that Asian patients, especially Chinese, need lower doses of antidepressant drugs than their Western counterparts. 

TPMT 3C accounted for 100% of the mutant alleles observed in the Ghanaian subjects. This is similarly found in 101 Kenyans and 192 Chinese subjects, as well as in Sudanese and Filipino subjects (Table 24.1 Figure 24.2) [52, 54]. This contrasts with the Caucasian (British, American, French) subjects, where 5.7, 5.5 and 11.4% of variant alleles were TPMT 3C, respectively (Table 24.1). TPMT 3 A was not detected in the African or Asian populations, but accounted for 84.9, 81.4 and 88.9% of variant alleles in British, American, and French Caucasians, respectively. Therefore, mutations at nucleotide 719 (TPMT 3C) is common in all populations studied to date, but occurs most often in the presence of a simultaneous mutation at nucleotide 460 (TPMT 3A) in Caucasian subjects (Table 24.1). 

The TPMT 2 allele (G238C) accounted for 9.4, 7.1 and 5.5% of the mutant alleles in the British, French and American populations, respectively. However, this allele was not found in any of the Ghanaian subjects and was not detected in the other African or Asian subjects. These findings are consistent with those of a recent study, which found that the TPMT 2 allele was present in British Caucasians and not in Chinese or Southwest Asian subjects [52]. In addition, the TPMTk2 allele was not detected in Kenyan subjects [54]. This suggests that TPMTk2 is either very rare in non-Caucasian populations or specific to Caucasians, or both. The recently identified TPMT mutant alleles TPMT 4- 8 appear to be relatively rare in Caucasian subjects. Their contribution to variant alleles in other ethnic groups has yet to be defined. 

The allele frequencies for TSER 2 and TSER 3 in the Chinese, Japanese and Filipino groups were significantly different from all the other populations in the study (p< 0.001] (Figure 24.5) [82, 83]. The Sudanese were significantly different from the Southwest Asians (p=0.033). No other significant difference in TSER 2 and TSER 3 allele frequency between populations were observed. No significant difference in TSER 2 and TSER 3 allele frequency was observed between the Caucasian and African populations (p>0.05 in all cases) [83]. 

There was no significant difference in the TSER 2 and TSER 3 allele frequencies between the African, Caucasian and Southwest Asian subjects [82, 83]. There was, however, a significant difference between the Asian populations (Chinese, Filipino and Japanese) and all other populations for both TSER 2 and TSER 3 (p< 0.001] (Table 24.4) [82]. This is in contrast to previous population studies where a shift in the predominant allele is usually observed during migration from... 

---