As dispersing agent

Other metal salts of naphthenic acids have many varied uses. For example, calcium naphthenate is a lubricating oil additive, and zinc naphthenate is an antioxidant. Lead, zinc, and barium naphthenates are wetting agents used as dispersion agents for paints. Some oil soluble metal naphthenates, such as those of zinc, cobalt, and lead, are used as... 

Alcohol ether sulfates with different number of moles of ethylene oxide are also used in emulsion polymerization and in the paint industry as dispersing agents. A particular use of alcohol ether sulfates is as foamers in low- and medium pressure drilling for water, oil, and gas. The foam produced by the surfactant reduces the pressure of the water column as water is replaced by air. 

As an aid in laboratory investigations ether carboxylic acids have been used as chlorophyll solubilizers [234,235] and as dispersing agents for thermochromic compounds to be used as temperature indicators [236]. 

Surfactants are prepared which contain carboxylic acid ester or amide chains and terminal acid groups selected from phosphoric acid, carboxymethyl, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, and phosphonic acid. These surfactants can be obtained by reaction of phosphoric acid or phosphorus pentoxide with polyhydroxystearic acid or polycaprolactone at 180-190°C under an inert gas. They are useful as polymerization catalysts and as dispersing agents for fuel, diesel, and paraffin oils [69]. 

The reactivity and product selectivity increase as dispersing agents were introduced. Simultaneously, a higher silicon conversion was also obtained. A higher silicon conversion will decrease the burden of waste disposal. Therefore, this study provides a convenient and economical way for the preparation of highly effective CuCl catalyst that can be used in practical production using the direct process. 

Dispersion system 1 g of low-molecular-weight poly(vinyl alcohol) which serves both as dispersing agent and protective colloid, is dissolved in about 150 ml of distilled water in a narrow 600 ml beaker. It is stirred with a paddle stirrer at room temperature for about 2 h until dissolved.The polymer used should be a partially (88%) hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate), a 4% aqueous solution of which has a viscosity of 4 cP. 

When polymers are used as constituents of coatings, paints, and lacquers, they require solvents as dispersing agents. Whether true solutions are formed or emulsions, the solvents used have to conform to environmental specifications, but should be sufficiently volatile so as to permit rapid drying of the applied polymer and pigment, if present. One should examine chapter 6 and the appendix for green examples of coatings solvents. 

The first workable capping agents for controlled radical polymerization were discovered by Rizzardo et al. [77, 78] who used nitroxides. The nitroxide reacts reversibly with radical chain ends but itself does not initiate the monomer. They called their new system Stable Free Radical Polymerization (SFRP). Scheme 32a depicts an example of SFRP using TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy). SFRP was developed independently by Georges at Xerox for the synthesis of styrene block polymer as dispersing agents [79]. 

Fig. 12 Substances used for complex formation and nanoparticles, (retinoic acid) All-trans retinoic acid, (PLA) poly(-L-arginine), (PLH) poly(-L-histidine), (PLL) poly(-L-ly-sine). As dispersing agent a tri-block copolymer was used. It consisted of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (Poloxamer 188). Reprinted with permission from [142]. Copyright 2000 American Chemical Society...

The mono- and dialkanolamine titanates are water-soluble and slowly hydrolyze at pH 9.0. Lowering the pH increases the rate of hydrolysis, which is shown by the development of turbidity. Turbidity also occurs above pH 11. The tetrahydroxyalkylethylenediamine titanate complexes form much more stable water solutions and can be used as dispersing agents for aqueous Ti02 slurries (114). 

Wang et al. [80] proposed the amperometric detection of non-electroactive aminoacids at CNTs-GCE and at Ni-CNTs-GCE. The CNTs previously treated with nitric acid were immobilized onto the GCE using a 1 % v/v Nafion as dispersing agent. The detection was performed either in a stirred NaOH solution or in flow system (1.0 mL/min) by applying a potential of 0.55 V. While no response was observed at unmodified GCE for several non electroactive aminoacids like arginine, histidine, lysine, asparagine, methionine and phenylalanine, an excellent response was obtained at GCE modified with CNTs at... 

Polymerization of vinylidene fluoride by emulsion or suspension polymerization in water is conducted at conditions of 10-130 °C and 10-200 bar. In the emulsion polymerization, either water-soluble peroxides or monomer-soluble peroxy or organic peroxides are used as initiators [ 17]. Fluorinated surfactants, such as ammonium perfluorooctanoate, are used as dispersing agents. Chain transfer agents, such as acetone, chloroform, or trichlorofluoromethane, may be... 

Naphthalene sulphonate compound, used as dispersing agent, especially for vat and disperse dyes. 

Although solvents are used as dispersing agents and in the formation of emulsions, they are generally used to dissolve materials. Whether this is to clean a surface or a reaction vessel, or to act as a heat transfer medium in a reaction, we need to consider the question— Why do things dissolve Generally, the reasons are thermodynamic, in that if the dissolution process is energetically favourable it will occur. However, kinetics can also play a role and solutes that are poorly soluble at room temperature can be heated to increase solubility, a technique that is widely employed in recrystallizations. 

Preparation. The reagent is prepared in 50% yield by the reaction of ethyl mcthanesulfonate with alkaline 30% hydrogen peroxide with use of stearic acid as dispersing agent. 

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