Chromosomes artificial

The evolutionary process of a genetic algorithm is accomplished by genetic operators which translate the evolutionary concepts of selection, recombination or crossover, and mutation into data processing to solve an optimization problem dynamically. Possible solutions to the problem are coded as so-called artificial chromosomes, which are changed and adapted throughout the optimization process until an optimrun solution is obtained. 

Initialization is the first step in a GA run to create the first population of artificial chromosomes. Usually, this is done in a random manner. The number of chromosomes is defined before the run and is usually kept constant throughout it. 

Figure 9-27. An artificial chromosome, encoded as a bina string.

The mutation operator is the second commonly used operator, Mutation brings new traits into a chromosome. The mutation operator eauscs a loeai change in an artificial chromosome. 

Eig. 5. Restriction map of the yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) vector used for cloning very large fragments of eukaryotic DNA. Terms defined in text... 

A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) is a vector that allows the propagation of larger exogenous DNA fragments, up to several hundred kb. BACs are propagated in recombination-deficient strains of E. coli. They are more stable and easier to handle than yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). 

An yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) is a vector that allows the propagation of large exogenous DNA fragments, up to several megabases, in yeast. 

Schedl, A., Montoliu, L., Kelsey, G., and Schiitz, G. (1993). Ayeast artificial chromosome confers copy number-dependent expression in transgenic mice. Nature 362 258-260. 

Nasmyth I think Tim Hunt s question is a sensible one. Normally p57 is expressed on the maternal chromosome and not on the paternal one, because according to this hypothesis the father s chromosome does not express it because he doesn t want to slow down growth. If this is the case, then if you had an extra copy and introduced it on a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) into the maternal genome, what would happen to growth This is a crucial prediction of the hypothesis. 

Suetsugu, Y., Minami, H., Shimomura, M. et al. 2007. End-sequencing and characterization of silkworm (Bombyx mori) bacterial artificial chromosome libraries. BMC Genomics, 8 314. 

Yamamoto, K., Narukawa, J., Kadono-Okuda, K. et al. 2006. Construction of a single nucleotide polymorphism linkage map for the silkworm, Bombyx mori, based on bacterial artificial chromosome end sequences. Genetics, 173(1) 151—161. 

Zeilhofer, H. U., Studler, B Arabadzisz, D. et al. (2005). Glycinergic neurons expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 482, 123-41. 

Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) Large segments of DNA (up to 1 million bases) from another species spliced into DNA of yeast. The new construct that carries the foreign DNA is called a vector. 

Kim U.J., Shizuya H., Deaven L., Chen X.N., Korenberg J.R., Simon M.I., Selection of a sublibrary enriched for a chromosome from total human bacterial artificial chromosome library using dna from flow-sorted chromosomes as hybridization probes. Nucl. Acids. Res. 1995 23 1838-1839. 

Gong, S., Zheng, C., Doughty, M. L., Losos, K., Hatten, M. E. and Heintz, N. A gene expression atlas of the central nervous system based on bacterial artificial chromosomes. Nature 425 917-925,2003. 

Bacterial ADPGPP enzymes, 12 491 Bacterial a-amylases, 10 280 Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors, 12 508 Bacterial cellulose, 20 557 Bacterial genera, nitrogen fixation by, 17 295-296... 

Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) cloning experiments, 22 507-508 Yeast biomass... 

B12. Burke, D. T., Carle, G. F., and Olson, M. V., Cloning of large segments of exogeneous DNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors. Science 236, 806-812 (1987). 

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