Aromatic hydrocarbons iron catalysts

Important initiators and accelerators acetophenone, benzophenone, phenylacetylaldehyde, enones, diketones, succinimides, benzoyl peroxide, in-chain peroxide linkage, hydroperoxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Iron (III) derivatives, cobalt salts of fatty acids, aluminum chloride, slllca-alumlna catalyst, rubene, diphenylanthracene, triphenyidlamlne, carotene ... 

When the temperature of a carbonate reservoir that is saturated with high-viscosity oil and water increases to 200° C or more, chemical reactions occur in the formation, resulting in the formation of considerable amounts of CO2. The generation of CO2 during thermal stimulation of a carbonate reservoir results from the dealkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of water vapor, catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons by water vapor, and oxidation of organic materials. Clay material and metals of variable valence (e.g., nickel, cobalt, iron) in the carbonate rock can serve as the catalyst. An optimal amount of CO2 exists for which maximal oil recovery is achieved [1538]. The performance of a steamflooding process can be improved by the addition of CO2 or methane [1216]. 

Enciforming [National Chemical reforming] A petroleum reforming process that converts pyrolysis gasoline to mixtures of propane, butane, and aromatic hydrocarbons, thereby obviating the usual hydrogenation and solvent extraction processes. The catalyst is a ZSM-5-type zeolite containing both iron and a platinum metal. Developed by the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India, since 1988, but not yet commercialized. 

One of the characteristic features of the metal-catalysed reaction of acetylene with hydrogen is that, in addition to ethylene and ethane, hydrocarbons containing more than two carbon atoms are frequently observed in appreciable yields. The hydropolymerisation of acetylene over nickel—pumice catalysts was investigated in some detail by Sheridan [169] who found that, between 200 and 250°C, extensive polymerisation to yield predominantly C4 - and C6 -polymers occurred, although small amounts of all polymers up to Cn, where n > 31, were also observed. It was also shown that the polymeric products were aliphatic hydrocarbons, although subsequent studies with nickel—alumina [176] revealed that, whilst the main products were aliphatic hydrocarbons, small amounts of cyclohexene, cyclohexane and aromatic hydrocarbons were also formed. The extent of polymerisation appears to be greater with the first row metals, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper, where up to 60% of the acetylene may polymerise, than with the second and third row noble Group VIII metals. With alumina-supported noble metals, the polymerisation prod-... 

Certain halogenated compounds will condense with paraffinic, olefinic, or aromatic hydrocarbons. Catalysts for these reactions are of the Ftiedel-Crafts type. Thus, the condensation of alkyl halides with ethylene in the presence of aluminum chloride, zinc chloride, iron chloride, etc., furnishes higher alkyl halides. An example is the reaction of /-butyl chloride and ethylene to form l-chloro-3,3-dimethylbutane (75%). ... 

Aromatic hydrocarbons can be chlorinated in the side chain in either the liquid or vapor phase. In the liquid phase, the chlorine is generally bubbled into the boiling hydrocarbon in the presence of light 65, 69). With temperatures as high as 300 to 400° C. no light is necessary. Nuclear substitution occurs in the presence of halogen carriers such as iron, aluminum, or iodine 28 at low temperatures. In the vapor phase, nuclear chlo-rinations occur at high temperatures and in the absence of a catalyst. 

In order to overcome certain difficulties such as the dissipation of heat and the use of inflammable mixtures, certain liquid phase processes have been proposed for the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons and compounds. In such a process 100 the aromatic hydrocarbons or their halogenated derivatives are treated with air or gas containing free molecular oxygen in the liquid phase at temperatures above ISO0 C. and under pressure in the presence of a substantial quantity of liquid water. A small quantity of such oxidation catalysts as oxides or hydroxides of copper, nickel, cobalt, iron or oxides of manganese, cerium, osmium, uranium, vanadium, chromium and zinc is used. The formation of benzaldehyde from toluene is claimed for the process. 

The synthesis of fatty acids by a Fischer-Tropsch-type process as described in this chapter required the use of a catalyst (meteoritic iron) and a promoter. Potassium carbonate and rubidium carbonate were the only compounds evaluated which unambiguously facilitated the production of fatty acids. These catalytic combinations (meteoritic iron and potassium carbonate or rubidium carbonate) also produced substantial amounts of n-alkenes (in excess of n-alkanes) and aromatic hydrocarbons. A comprehensive study of the nonacidic oxygenated compounds produced in Fischer-Tropsch reactions (20,21) was not made. However, in the products analyzed (all promoted by potassium carbonate), long-chain alcohols and aldehydes were detected. 

Iodosylbenzene has been used as an effective oxidant in hydrocarbon hydroxylation catalyzed by metal-loporphyrins [687-696]. In particular, various iron(III) and manganese(in) porphyrins can be used as catalysts in hydroxylations of cyclohexane, cyclohexene, adamantane and aromatic hydrocarbons [687,688, 692]. Breslow and coworkers have reported regioselective hydroxylations of several steroidal derivatives catalyzed by metalloporphyrins [689-691]. In a specific example androstanediol derivative 644 was... 

The role of support on the performance of noble metals-based catalysts for the total oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons is essential [38]. Although with a smaller surface area than the typical supports, perovskites also demonstrate good properties as carriers for noble metals. Thus, perovskites of type LaBOs (B = Co, Mn, Fe, Ni) synthesized using the citrate route were used as support for noble metals in total oxidation of toluene [39]. The performances of these catalysts varied in the order Fe>Mn>Co>Ni, and the superior behavior of iron was attributed to the low temperature of calcination and the high stability of the perovskite lattice irrespective of the nature of the stream it was exposed to. The dispersion of palladium at the different stages of the process remained unchanged. 

PO can be made degradable by means of additives. The types of additives include aromatic ketones (benzo-phenone and substituted benzophenones [47], qui-none), aromatic amines (trisphenylamine), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene, certain dyes such as xanthene dyes), or transition metal organic compounds. The transition metal compounds of Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn are widely used. Organo-soluble acetyl acetonates of many transition metals are photooxidants and transition metal carboxylates are also thermal pro-oxidants. Co acetylacetonate appears to be an effective catalyst for chemical degradation of PP in the marine environment. The preferred photoactivator system is ferric dibutyldithiocarbamate with a concentration range of 0.01. 1%. Scott has patented the use of organometallic compounds hke iron (ferric) dibutyldithiocarbamate or Ni-dibutyl-dithiocarbamate [48]. Cerium carboxylate [49] and carbon black are also used in such materials [50]. 

Epoxy alcohols are the normal products of the [VO(acac)2]+(Me2C(CN)N a -catalysed oxidation of cyclic olefins by dioxygen however, cyclo-octene is oxidized exclusively to cyclo-octene oxide. The oxidation of sulphides and alkenes by peroxides with a [V(0)(acac)2] catalyst have been compared and the nature of the monoperoxovanadium(v) intermediate investigated. Complexation of a Cr(CO)3 unit to aromatic hydrocarbons enhances the benzylic positions towards attack by superoxide ion, e.g., diphenylmethane is readily converted into benzophenone. Metal porphyrin complexes ML4 continue to attract attention both as reversible oxygen-carriers (M = Fe) and oxidation catalysts (M = Mn, Fe, or Co ). For example [Mn (=0 IPh)(TPP)Cl] is believed to be involved in the oxidation of cyclohexene to cyclohexanol by PhIO in the presence of [Mn(TPP)]+ and a ferryl intermediate [Fe (0)L4] has been proposed in the oxygenation of triphenylphosphine with iron(ii) porphyrin. [M(TPP)]X (M=Mn, X = OAc M=Fe, X=C1 M = Co, X=Br) catalyses the epoxidation of styrene and cyclohexene with NaOCl under phase-transfer conditions. ... 

The classification of hydrocarbons as aliphatic or aromatic took place m the 1860s when It was already apparent that there was something special about benzene toluene and their derivatives Their molecular formulas (benzene is CgHg toluene is C7Hj ) indicate that like alkenes and alkynes they are unsaturated and should undergo addition reac tions Under conditions m which bromine for example reacts rapidly with alkenes and alkynes however benzene proved to be inert Benzene does react with Bi2 m the pres ence of iron(III) bromide as a catalyst but even then addition isn t observed Substitu tion occurs instead ... 

Fischer-Tropsch A process for converting synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) to liquid fuels. Modified versions were known as the Synol and Synthol processes. The process is operated under pressure at 200 to 350°C, over a catalyst. Several different catalyst systems have been used at different periods, notably iron-zinc oxide, nickel-thoria on kieselgtihr, cobalt-thoria on kieselgiihr, and cemented iron oxide. The main products are C5-Cn aliphatic hydrocarbons the aromatics content can be varied by varying the process conditions. The basic reaction was discovered in 1923 by F. Fischer and... 

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