Area of risk

The nuclear reactor also must be shielded against the emission of radioactive material to the external environment. Suitable radiation controls include both thermal and biological shielding systems. Radiation from alpha particles (a rays) and beta particles ((3 rays) has little penetrating power, but gamma rays have deep penetration properties. Neutron radiation is, however, the primary area of risk. Typically, extremely thick concrete walls are used as a neutron absorber, but lead-lined concrete and special concretes are also used. 

The potential for corrosion as a result of the reactions of noncondensable gases present in steam-water circuits is a major area of risk. The dissolved oxygen (DO) content of MU water is recognized as a primary source of gas entering a boiler system, and effective deaeration of MU and FW is therefore critical. 

You can find more information on risk assessments and the key areas of risk in HSE s ... 

The risk assessment framework, first proposed in 1983 by the National Academies committee that prodnced the Red Book, has proved to be durable. Its influence has extended to other areas of risk assessment, and public health authorities who are responsible for understanding and mitigating the truly large public health problems of our time, those associated in part with certain personal behaviors, are beginning to describe their activities within that same framework. 

A controversial area of risk assessment concerns the possible effects of residues of antimicrobial drugs on the human gut flora, favoring the growth of microorganisms with natural or acquired resistance to the drug in question. Available risk assessment studies include studies in human volunteers, studies in germ-... 

JECFA is a scientific advisory body established in tire 1950s, prior to the establishment of the CAC. Over the past 40 years, it has provided independent scientific advice to all FAO and WHO member countries. The traditional and current activities of JECFA are mainly in the area of risk assessment, not risk management. To some extent, however, JECFA activities also touch on risk management. Risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication constitute the three basic elements of risk analysis that are taken into account in the Codex procedure for setting MRLs of veterinary drug residues in foods (Table 11.1). 

In the area of risk communication, the regulatory agencies should continue to be flexible in the way information is presented to the public regarding drug residues. Continuing efforts are needed to combat false and misleading consumer perceptions of the hazards of drug residues in the tissues of food animals. 

What are four areas of risk that arise when pharmacies increase their reliance on information technology and automation ... 

Several steps have been taken towards a more harmonised methodology within the more general area of risk assessment of chemicals. The EU has proposed a number of principles for assessment of risks to man and the environment in directive 93/67/EEC (EC 1993) as well in the Technical guidance documents in support of directive 96/67/EEC on risk assessment (EC 2003), to further common practices in risk assessment. A harmonisation of national exposure limits is to be expected, since the EU sets both binding and indicative OELs for each member state to consider in its national regulations. However as noted by Vincent (1998) a full international harmonisation of OELs is unlikely and may not even be the most... 

To meet the aims of the strategy within the proposed timelines, agreements between Member States on chemical risk management must be reached in far shorter timeframes than in the current system. The European Commission s First Report on the Harmonisation of Risk Assessment Procedures recognises risk management as an important area of risk-related decision-making that would benefit... 

Where a site audit is required, the audit can focus on the main areas of concern raised by the postal audit, thus reducing the duration of the audit and enabling a more in-depth review of the main areas of risk. 

Financial model a crucial test is to see how Ae economics of a project stand up to the perceived areas of risk. The development of any project will involve Ae production of a financial model which shows how Ae sensitivities of Ae various parameters at risk affect Ae economics. This is a process which will be followed by any prospective lender in relation to a funding proposal. 

There may be a lack of in-house expertise resulting in the need to contract out the work or the need to develop an in-house capability. Alternatively, there may be a lack of in-house facilities or equipment to handle the candidate drug. These issues need to be resolved quickly or else time penalties could be incurred. Other areas of risk include the sources of excipients and packaging components. Some excipients or packaging components may only be available from one supplier, with the risk that the supplier could go out of business. 

A second fundamental value that courts have imposed on government agencies in the area of risk regulation is that state power should not be used in arbitrary fashion. One important corollary is that agencies should not act to restrain commercial activity unless it presents more than a negligible risk to public health and safety. This principle was invoked by the D.C. Court of Appeals in reviewing a decision... 

It is important to remember, as well, that most of the disputes that come to court in the area of risk management have no clearcut scientific solutions. These controversies arise at the frontiers of science where, almost by definition, there are no established or widely accepted answers to scientific questions. Moreover, disputes seldom come to court until they have matured in forums where the technical issues are thoroughly debated scientific advisory committees, administrative hearings, internal or external peer review, and pretrial negotiations. If technical conflicts persist after all these processes are exhausted, the reason very probably is that the matter in controversy cannot be settled by scientists according to purely scientific norms. 

The risk assessment for PPPs in the EU is always based on sound scientific data, no matter which topic is involved. (EU, 2001) There are 4 main areas of risk to be considered ... 

Selected examples of areas of risks at workplaces addressed by EU directive 89/ 391/EEC include ... 

External forces and agents encompass the environment in which an enterprise operates. They are the forces that shape the enterprise s competitive marketplace and provide new opportunities, as well as areas of risk to be managed. 

Fpieseeable areas of risk, such as causing injuries or death, could be in the n rials selection and in the shape or strengdi of the product. Cons ter the folliwing examples ... 

As has been stressed throughout this book, risk has both objective and subjective elements. The objective part of the work means that those working in the area of risk management need to be numerate they need to be comfortable with a variety of quantitative topics such as gas dispersion modeling, the development of F—N curves, and the use of Boolean algebra. 

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