Applied Radiochemistry

Hahn, 0. "Applied Radiochemistry" Cornell Unlv. Press ... 

Hahn, O. Applied Radiochemistry. Ithaca, N. Y. Cornell Univ. Press 1936-... 

Applied Radiochemistry, by Otto Hahn, Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm In-... 

Hahn, Applied Radiochemistry, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1936... 

Bruce D. Honeyman, Laboratory for Applied and Environmental Radiochemistry, Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA... 

The application of the Chelex 100 resin separation and preconcentration, with the direct use of the resin itself as the final sample for analysis, is an extremely useful technique. The elements demonstrated to be analytically determinable from high salinity waters are cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, scandium, thorium, uranium, vanadium, and zinc. The determination of chromium and vanadium by this technique offers significant advantages over methods requiring aqueous final forms, in view of their poor elution reproducibility. The removal of sodium, chloride, and bromide allows the determination of elements with short and intermediate half-lives without radiochemistry, and greatly reduces the radiation dose received by personnel. This procedure was successfully applied in a study of... 

Cefola, M. Microchemical Techniques as Applied to Radiochemistry. Mikro-chim. Acta 1967, 732. 

These experiments are based on methods actually applied or developed for instruction by the two authors during their careers in the radiochemistry laboratory. Each experiment has been tested by students in an academic laboratory setting. The experiments were practice-taught for one semester to a group of graduate chemistry students. The students responses were then used to modify the presentation of the experiments for inclusion in this manual. 

A variety of extraction separation techniques has been applied to problems of isolation and radiochemical purification of nuclides. Most of the extractions employed in radiochemistry are based on previously developed conventional analytical extractions, and general Information of the technique can be found in the literature (89,185) ... 

The phenomenon of very diluted solutions is well known in radiochemistry. Carrier-free radioactive isotopes could be mentioned as an example. The term denotes a radioisotope of an element in pure form, that is, essentially undiluted, with a stable isotope. The chemical concentration of these radioisotopes is usually very low. For example, 1 kBq radioactivity (applied typically in a tracer experiment) is equivalent to cca. 2 10 12 mol in the case of 137Cs or 90Sr isotopes. In the case of such low concentrations, no chemical system can be considered homogeneous because all surfaces, the wall of the laboratory vessels, or any contaminants in the solution (such as air bubbles, small particles, great molecules, etc.) can initiate interfacial processes and the subsequent formation of heterogeneous phases (adsorption, colloid formation, precipitation, etc.). This is the result of the simple fact that the number of molecules on the surfaces is more than, or at least similar to, the number of particles in the solution. Even in a solution containing... 

Gamma-ray and a-ray spectrometry are important tools of nuclear and radiochemistry. They are mainly used for identification of radionuclides. Because of the continuous energy distribution of P radiation, yS-ray spectrometiy is less frequently applied. 

We will discuss the quantitative characteristics of IC and TC, which are of importance when the techniques are used in studies of radiochemistry of the heaviest elements. Most interesting are the fast TC separations in open columns, which would yield reasonable resolution of mixtures and information on the adsorption-desorption energetics of the species involved. It is reasonable to start with what has been learned about isothermal chromatography and can be applied to thermochromatography. In the latter field, empirical works aimed at useful separations have prevailed. Here, we will pay interest primarily to the scarcer fundamental studies and theoretical developments which dealt with the characteristics of the resulting adsorption zones. Special conditions of the studies of TAE chemistry require attention to both the elution and frontal regimes of TC processing. 

A radiochemical experiment involves two principal steps. The first is obtaining the desired compound. Second, generally, is isolation of the compound. It may mean the isolation from a bulk matrix, separation of a complex mixture of radionuclides, or both. The separations are behind both applied and fundamental radiochemistry studies, which is the major emphasis in this book. 

An often applied method for the synthesis of hydrogels, especially for applications in medicine and pharmaceutics, is based on radiochemistry. The hydrogel can be formed by irradiation of monomers, polymers dissolved in water, or polymers in dry state. Electrons of different energies or y-rays are used as high-energy radiation. The possibilities of the radiation-chemical synthesis of smart hydrogels are discussed on different examples. The technique is applied to bulk polymers, to micro- and nanogel particles, and to patterned layers on different materials. The basics and fundamentals of irradiation techniques as well as the equipment are described. 

As high-performance column liquid chromatography has rarely been applied in inorganic radiochemistry, only a few papers can be cited to illustrate the combination of HPLC with radiometric detection in this field. The pioneering work of Horwitz et a1. shows the scope of high-performance column liquid-liquid chromatography with off-line radiometric detection in inorganic radiochemical and isotope separation. 

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Elsevier Sequoia/Akademiai Kiado, Budapest Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Pergamon Press, Oxford Radioactivity Radiochemistry, Caretaker Communications, Atlanta... 

We simply define radiochemistry and nuclear chemistry by the content of this book, which is primarily written for chemists. The content contains fimdamental chapters followed by those devoted to applications. Each chapter ends with a section of exercises (with answers) and literature references. An historic introduction (Ch. 1) leads to chapters on stable isotopes and isotope separation, on unstable isotopes and radioactivity, and on radionuclides in nature (Ch. 2-5). Nuclear radiation - emission, absorbance, chemical effects radiation chemistry), detection and uses - is covered in four chapters (Ch. 6-9). This is followed by several chapters on elementary particles, nuclear structure, nuclear reactions and the production of new atoms (radio-nuclides of known elements as well as the transuranium ones) in the laboratory and in cosmos (Ch. 10-17). Before the four final chapters on nuclear energy and its environmental effects (Ch. 19-22), we have inserted a chapter on radiation biology and radiation protection (Ch. 18). Chapter 18 thus ends the fimdam tal part of radiochemistry it is essential to all students who want to use radionuclides in scientific research. By this arrangement, the book is subdivided into 3 parts fundamental ladiochemistry, nuclear reactions, and applied nuclear energy. We hope that this shall satisfy teachers with differrat educational goals. 

Institute of Solid State and Radiochemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged Hungary Applied Chemistry Department, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged Hungary... 

---