Applied Liquid Sources

Doping from Liquids 17.2.6.2.1. Directiy Applied Liquid Sources. 

Liquid doping sources are usually of two forms (1) a solution of dopant material is directly applied to the semiconductor surface and dried prior to diffusion or (2) a carrier gas is bubbled through the liquid source and the source molecules are carried into an open-tube furnaee. Doping may then occur from the gas phase or from a deposited solid phase on the semiconductor. Also, in some cases solid sources deposited on semiconductors become liquid at diffusion temperatures (e.g., borosilicate glasses containing ca. 30 mol% B2O3 become liquid at 1000°C)L... 

The borohydride complex ion, BH4, is used not only to generate hydrogen but also for a new class of fuel cell by applying it directly as the liquid source of protide. Protide in BH4 can release two electrons per protide individually and a total of eight electrons when it is transformed to proton ... 

Hexagonal array of microlenses fabricated by withdrawal method to apply liquid monomer. The lenses consisted of a cross linked poly-alkyl-methacrylate network. Lens diameter = 90 im. Focal length = 870 30 gm. Source Moench, W. and H. Zappe. 2004. Journal of Optics A, 6(4), 330-337. With permission.)... 

Conceptual structure and deformation of liquid lens packaged in parylene thin film, (a) Structure, (b) Deformation of the lens shape upon applying voltage. (Source Binh-Khiem, N., K. Matsumoto, and 1. Shimoyama. 2008. Applied Physics Letters, 93(12), 124105. With permission.)... 

A permanent plant type vaporizer is shown in Figure 1. This should be mounted as close to the liquid source as possible. The unit may be mounted on the outside of process equipment immediately adjacent to the liquid line or body being sampled. It should be mounted so that the supply pipe comes through Everdur or other relatively poor conductor to minimize heat leakage to the tube before the liquid drops into the vaporizer proper. This unit is a flash vaporizer, that is, the liquid drops on a relatively warm metal heated by warm gas (waste nitrogen), steam, or other heat source. The liquid flowrate is adjusted automatically by a gas regulator on the sample line to keep only the top of the vaporizer frosted and to reduce analytical time lag. Either the classical methods mentioned before or infrared equipment are applied to the gas sample. 

The diverse nature of different NDE processes results in different sources of variance and possible impact on detection output capabilities. For example, a manually applied liquid penetrant process is dominated by the skill of the operator in process application and interpretation. An automated eddy current process is dominated by calibration, instrument, and procedure variances. It is important to recognize the source of variance in each NDE process and to take the nature of the variance and process control (Table 6.11) into accoimt in applying margins to the NDE processes. NDE methods and procedures are selected using a variety of practical implementation criteria, such as the relative ratings presented in Table 6.12. The lowest-cost method that produces the required result is usually the method of choice. Table 6.13 presents a general overview of the procedural steps required for the main NDE techniques considered here. 

Liquid chromatography is a separation method that is often applied to nonvolatile, thermally labile materials such as peptides, and, if their mass spectra are required after the separation step, then a mild method of ionization is needed. Since FAB/LSIMS is mild and works with a liquid matrix, it is not surprising that attempts were made to utilize this ionization source as both an inlet... 

The term nebulizer is used generally as a description for any spraying device, such as the hair spray mentioned above. It is normally applied to any means of forming an aerosol spray in which a volume of liquid is broken into a mist of vapor and small droplets and possibly even solid matter. There is a variety of nebulizer designs for transporting a solution of analyte in droplet form to a plasma torch in ICP/MS and to the inlet/ionization sources used in electrospray and mass spectrometry (ES/MS) and atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization and mass spectrometry (APCI/MS). 

Moving-belt (ribbon or wire) interface. An interface that continuously applies all, or a part of, the effluent from a liquid chromatograph to a belt (ribbon or wire) that passes through two or more orifices, with differential pumping into the mass spectrometer s vacuum system. Heat is applied to remove the solvent and to evaporate the solute into the ion source. 

We defined the equation of motion as a general expression of Newton s second law applied to a volume element of fluid subject to forces arising from pressure, viscosity, and external mechanical sources. Although we shall not attempt to use this result in its most general sense, it is informative to consider the equation of motion as it applies to a specific problem the flow of liquid through a capillary. This consideration provides not only a better appreciation of the equation of... 

Virtual Sources The previous equations apply to point source releases. Real releases, such as a boiling pool of liquid or a streaming jet of flashing hquid, involve a more complex geometiy One approach Guideline.s for Chemical Proce.s.s Quantitative Risk Analy.sls, AIChE, 1989, p. 87) is to define a virtual source upwind from the ac tual source such that the computed plume matches the real plume. However, to achieve this, a concentration at a centerhne point directly downwind must be known. 

Obtaining of data concerning the chemical composition of water is critical significance for monitoring water reservoirs and forecasting the quality of drinking water from different water supply sources. A dry residue is commonly used with the methods AAS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS (analysis of liquid) widely applied for determination of water composition. So it is vital to create a standard sample of the composition of dry residue of ultra-fresh Lake Baikal water, its development launched since 1992 at the Institute of Geochemistry SB RAS. 

Venmri scrubbers have been applied to control PM emissions from utility, industrial, commercial, and institutional boilers fired with coal, oil, wood, and liquid waste. They have also been applied to control emission sources in the chemical, mineral products, wood, pulp and paper, rock products, and asphalt manufacrnring industries lead, aluminum, iron and steel, and gray iron production industries and to municipal solid waste incinerators. Typically, venturi scrubbers are applied where it is necessary to obtain high collection efficiencies for fine PM. Thus, they are applicable to controlling emission sources with high concentrations of submicron PM. 

Table 1 provides a summary of the safe practices applied to the disposal of liquid hydrocarbon contents from various sources. 

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