Applications vanadium oxide

In the bulk form, vanadium oxides display different oxidation states and V—O coordination spheres and exhibit a broad variety of electronic, magnetic, and structural properties [96, 97], which make these materials attractive for many industrial applications. Prominent examples range from the area of catalysis, where V-oxides are used as components of important industrial catalysts for oxidation reactions [98] and environment pollution control [99], to optoelectronics, for the construction of light-induced electrical switching devices [100] and smart thermo-chromic windows. In view of the importance of vanadium oxides in different technological applications, the fabrication of this material in nanostructured form is a particularly attractive goal. 

Chen, X.-W. Zhu, Z. Haevecker, M. Su, D.S. Schlogl, R., Carbon nanotube-induced preparation of vanadium oxide nanorods Application as a catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane. Materials Res. Bull. 2007,42 354-361. 

Li2S204 being the SEI component at the Li anode and the solid discharge product at the carbon cathode. The Li—SOCI2 and Li—SO2 systems have excellent operational characteristics in a temperature range from —40 to 60 °C (SOCI2) or 80 °C (SO2). Typical applications are military, security, transponder, and car electronics. Primary lithium cells have also various medical uses. The lithium—silver—vanadium oxide system finds application in heart defibrillators. The lithium—iodine system with a lithium iodide solid electrolyte is the preferred pacemaker cell. 

Vanadium—Silicon. Vanadium—silicon alloy is made by the reduction of vanadium oxides with silicon in an electric furnace. Application is essentially the same as that of the titanium alloys. Vanadium alloys sometimes offer the most economical way of introducing vanadium into molten steel. 

Andersson, A. (1982). An oxidized surface state model of vanadium oxides and its application to catalysis. /. Solid State Chem. 42, 263-75. 

Developing technologies in vanadium science provide the basis for the last two chapters of this book. Vanadium(V) in various forms of polymeric vanadium pen-toxide is showing great promise in nanomaterial research. This area of research is in its infancy, but already potential applications have been identified. Vanadium-based redox batteries have been developed and are finding their way into both large-and small-scale applications. Lithium/silver vanadium oxide batteries for implantable devices have important medical applications. 

Characterization, and Battery Applications of Silver Vanadium Oxide Materials... 

Explains signal transduction processes and related biology, biochemistry, and cell biology in a way that is accessible to chemists Provides detailed descriptions of vanadium batteries Describes recent advances in the applications of the lithium/silver vanadium oxide battery, particularly for medical applications... 

This book does not follow a chronological sequence but rather builds up in a hierarchy of complexity. Some basic principles of 51V NMR spectroscopy are discussed this is followed by a description of the self-condensation reactions of vanadate itself. The reactions with simple monodentate ligands are then described, and this proceeds to more complicated systems such as diols, -hydroxy acids, amino acids, peptides, and so on. Aspects of this sequence are later revisited but with interest now directed toward the influence of ligand electronic properties on coordination and reactivity. The influences of ligands, particularly those of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl amine, on heteroligand reactivity are compared and contrasted. There is a brief discussion of the vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases and model systems. There is also some discussion of vanadium in the environment and of some technological applications. Because vanadium pollution is inextricably linked to vanadium(V) chemistry, some discussion of vanadium as a pollutant is provided. This book provides only a very brief discussion of vanadium oxidation states other than V(V) and also does not discuss vanadium redox activity, except in a peripheral manner where required. It does, however, briefly cover the catalytic reactions of peroxovanadates and haloperoxidases model compounds. 

The book includes discussion of the vanadium haloperoxidases and the biological and biochemical activities of vanadium(V), including potential pharmacological applications. The last chapters of the book step outside these boundaries by introducing some aspects of the future of vanadium in nanotechnology, the recyclable redox battery, and the silver/vanadium oxide battery. We enjoyed writing this book and can only hope that it will prove to provide at least a modicum of value to the reader. 

Recognizing the applicability of XRD to occupational health chemistry, Lennox and Leroux (1) suggested a number of chemical species which would be suitable for XRD analysis arsenic trioxide, beryllium oxide, mica, vanadium oxides, calcium fluoride in ceramic materials, as well as a number of organics such as DDT, lindane and chlordane. Unfortunately, the general application of XRD to the quantitation of industrial hygiene samples has not been realized and the majority of these analyses are restricted to free silica and to a lesser extent asbestos and talc. 

Reddy CVS, Wicker SSA, Walker JEH, Williams QL, Kalluru RR. Vanadium oxide nanorods for Li-Ion battery applications. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2008 155(8) A599-A602. 

Ga.s S5mthesis and application of carbon monoliths Environmental Reduction of NO with NH3 Low-temperature de-NO realistic conditions Vanadium oxide/ carbon-coated monohth (164)... 

Applications of solid-state MAS NMR, discussed in the forthcoming sections, include the measurement of H chemical shifts, allowing distinct Bronsted acid sites to be identified and differentiated the study of different A1 coordination environments in aluminas by Al MAS NMR and the characterization of vanadium sites in vanadium oxide catalysts by MAS NMR. An example of the effect of MAS, as compared to static NMR measurements, is shown in Figure 5.2 for V2O5. Both and Al are quadrupolar nuclei, hence anisotropic effects are not removed through MAS alone. Other techniques may therefore be necessary to achieve high-resolution spectra, particularly for non-crystalline samples. 

Vanadium catalysts are among the most significant metal oxide catalysts. For instance, considering only supported catalysts, between 1967 and 2000, 28% of all published papers were concerned with vanadium oxide-based materials [57]. This represents a greater fraction than for any other metal or metal oxide. One reason for this is the wide range of applications in which vanadium oxide catalysts may be employed, examples of which are outlined below. 

In the following sections, we present a critical overview of the application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in vanadium-oxide related catalytic literature (including dehydrogenation, oxidative dehydrogenation and selective oxidation processes). Our focus will concentrate on the strengths and weaknesses of the method and will explore what in situ experimentation can contribute to this field. 

This review deals with the applications of photolurainescence techniques to the study of solid surfaces in relation to their properties in adsorption, catalysis, and photocatalysis, After a short introduction, the review presents the basic principles of photolumines-cence spectrosajpy in relation to the definitions of fluorescence and phosphorescence. Next, we discuss the practical aspects of static and dynamic photoluminescence with emphasis on the spectral parameters used to identify the photoluminescent sites. In Section IV, which is the core of the review, we discuss the identification of the surface sites and the following coordination chemistry of ions at the surface of alkaline-earth and zirconium oxides, energy and electron transfer processes, photoluminesccncc and local structure of grafted vanadium oxide, and photoluniinescence of various oxide-... 

All of the vanadium oxides described above are interesting in their physi-cal/chemical properties and may be used in many applications. However, the following discussion will be restricted to single valency oxides that have been dealt with in quantitative theoretical studies. 

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