Lithium/silver vanadium oxide batteries

Fig. 4.11 Cross-sectional view (from the top) of a prismatic high power lithium—silver vanadium oxide battery used to power an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). (By permission of Medtronic.)...

Developing technologies in vanadium science provide the basis for the last two chapters of this book. Vanadium(V) in various forms of polymeric vanadium pen-toxide is showing great promise in nanomaterial research. This area of research is in its infancy, but already potential applications have been identified. Vanadium-based redox batteries have been developed and are finding their way into both large-and small-scale applications. Lithium/silver vanadium oxide batteries for implantable devices have important medical applications. 

Takeuchi, E.S. and P. Piliero. 1987. Lithium/silver vanadium oxide batteries with various silver to vanadium ratios. J. Power Sources. 21 133-141. 

Explains signal transduction processes and related biology, biochemistry, and cell biology in a way that is accessible to chemists Provides detailed descriptions of vanadium batteries Describes recent advances in the applications of the lithium/silver vanadium oxide battery, particularly for medical applications... 

Fig. 8.2 Characteristics of a typical lithium silver vanadium oxide battery. See text for details. (From Mehra R, Cybulski Z. Tachyarrhythmia termination lead systems and hardware design. In Singer I, ed. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Armonk, NY Futura Publishing, 1994 127, with permission.)...

Demand pacemakers are very low current devices, requiring only 25-50 jiW for sensing and 60-100 pW for stimulation. In contrast, implanted ventricular defibrillators (Fig. 1.3) must be able to deliver short electric pulses of 25-40 J (e.g. 2 A at 2 V for 10 s) which can shock the heart into normal rhythm, and hence require a much higher rate battery. The most common system is a lithium-silver vanadium oxide cell with a liquid-organic based electrolyte. More than 80 000 such units have been implanted. Implanted drug delivery devices also use lithium primary batteries, as do neurostimulators and bone growth stimulators. 

Bergman, G.M. and E.S. Takeuchi. 1989. Voltage delay and complex impedance characteristics of a high-rate lithium/silver-vanadium oxide multiplate battery. J. Power Sources. 26 365-367. 

FIGURE 14.96 Discharge of a 2.2 Ah lithium/silver vanadium oxide defibrillator battery under a scheme of one pulse train of four pulses applied every 30 minutes. Ref. 46). 

Leising, R.A. and E.S. Takeuchi. 1993. Solid-state cathode materials for lithium batteries Effect of synthesis temperature on the physical and electrochemical properties of silver vanadium oxide. Chem. Mater. 5 738-742. 

According to cardiologists, the Li-AgVOj battery is best suited for implantable pacemaker devices. The anode of this battery is made from lithium metal and the cathode is made from silver vanadium oxide (Ag2V40jj). The cell chemical reaction is given by the following equation ... 

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