Applications of XPS to Vanadium Oxides

Further difficulties in measuring vanadium oxides arise from reliable preparation of reference compounds and reduction of vanadium caused by UHV conditions and beam damage [78, 79]. Hence, it is advantageous to confirm the phases present by additional analytical techniques. [Pg.256]

As expected, the difficulties in relating binding energies to formal oxidation states of vanadium becomes more complex in the case of supported vanadium [Pg.256]

Sample Binding Energy of V2p3/2 and Ols/eV (FWHM) Eb Calibration Reference [Pg.257]

Perhaps the starting place for investigations of supported metal oxide catalysts by XPS should be the examination of well characterized model systems. Several authors have investigated films supported on a number of metal substrates [Pg.257]

Sample Binding energy of V2psp and Ols (eV) (FWHM) b Calibration Reference [Pg.258]

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