Applications polymer blend characterization

Manea, C. and Mulder, M. 2002. Characterization of polymer blends of poly-ethersulfone/sulfonated polysulfone and polyethersulfone/sulfonated poly-etheretherketone for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Journal of Membrane Science 206 443-453. 

Kerres, J., Ullrich, A., Meier, R and Haring, T. 1999. Synthesis and characterization of novel acid-base polymer blends for application in membrane fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 125 243-249. 

Comparisons of the theory with experiment can not be presently made due to the lack of data on well characterized molecular IPN. Indications about its validity can, however, be deduced by examining its consistency at extreme cases of material behavior. The agreement at the one-component limit, for example, provided that the rubber is not very weak (iji not very small), has been successfully demonstrated by Ferry and coworkers [ ]. A useful result is obtained at the version of the theory applicable to the fluid state (i.e., at the limit of zero crosslinking). From the last two terms of Equation 13, the following relationship can be derived for the plateau [ ] and time dependent relaxation modulus of miscible polymer blends ... 

Simon, G.P. 2003. Polymer Characterization Techniques and Their Application to Blends. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 

This review encompasses the chemistry that is involved in the synthesis, characterization, degradation and the derivatization of the copolymers of carbon monoxide with olefins. In addition, work on the spectral characterization of the copolymers has been cited. Discussions of the physical properties of the copolymers, as well as, their practical applications (for example, as a component in polymer blends), are outside its purview. The review is based on reports published in journals and United States patents up to 1984. 

Permeability measurements for polymer blends prepared by mixing different latices have been reported by Peterson (14). Interpreting transport data for such heterogeneous systems as polymer blends is extremely difficult, however (3, 9,15). The main purpose of the present investigation is, therefore, to study the applicability of gas permeation measurements to characterize polymer blends and not to evaluate the different theoretical models for the permeation process in heterogeneous polymer systems. 

Albertsson and coworkers [240-244] carried out extensive research to develop polymers in which the polymer properties are altered for different applications. The predominant procedure is ring-opening polymerization which provides a way to achieve pure and well defined structures. They have utilized cyclic monomers such as lactones, anhydrides, carbonates, ether-lactones. The work involved the synthesis of monomers not commercially available, studies of polymerization to form homopolymers, random and block copolymers, development of cross-linked polymers and polymer blends, surface modification in some cases, and characterization of the materials formed. The characterization is carried out with respect to the chemical composition and both chemical and physical structures, the degradation behavior in vitro and in vivo, and in some cases the ability to release drug components from microspheres prepared from the polymers. 

A HE CHARACTERIZATION OF MODERN HIGH-PERFORMANCE POLYMERS is still a challenge for polymer scientists. Copolymers and complex polymer blends play an important role in many applications (i). A fast, reliable, and comprehensive method is needed to succeed in this task. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a standard method for the determination of molar mass distributions (MMDs) and molecular weights, if... 

Nowadays, the microhardness technique, being an elegant, non-destructive sensitive and relatively simple method, enjoys wide application, as can be concluded from the publications on the topic that have appeared during just the last five years - they number more than 100, as is shown by a routine computer-aided literature search. In addition to some methodological contributions to the technique, the microhardness method has also been successfully used to gain a deeper understanding of the microhardness-structure correlation of polymers, copolymers, polymer blends and composites. A very attractive feature of this technique is that it can be used for the micromechanical characterization of some components, phases or morphological entities that are otherwise not accessible for direct determination of their microhardness. 

This chapter provides an overview of current researches on liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs). Topics include syntheses of main-chain and side-chain LCFs, structured characterization of LCFs and LCP networks and rheology and processing. Applications of LCP/polymer blends as self-reinforced polymers and electro-optical meterials are also discussed. 

The volume opens with an account of PISEMA Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy by A. Ramamoorthy, Y. Wei and D.-K. Lee, this is followed by a review of 3D Structure Elucidation Using NMR Chemical Shifts by U. Sternberg, R. Witter and A. S. Ulrich, next comes an account of Se NMR Spectroscopy and Its Applications in Chemistry by H. Duddeck, the following report is on Structural Studies of Polymer Blends by Solid State NMR from H. Kurosu and Q. Chen, finally there is a discussion of the Structural Characterization of Silicon-based Polymer Materials by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy from S. Kuroki, H. Kimura and I. Ando. 

For synthetic macromolecules, NMR has been the most powerful method to characterize and to investigate the relationship between the structure and the physical properties at the atomic level. In the field of synthetic macromolecules, NMR is used not only as the routine analytical method but also as the method that has infinite possibility. In this chapter, NMR applications are reviewed by categorizing primary structure, liquid crystal, characterization of the synthetic macromolecules, dynamics of the synthetic macromolecules, gels and crosslinking macromolecules and polymer blends and diffusion of the synthetic macromolecules. 

Intense commercial and academic interest in block copolymers developed during the 1960s and continues today. These materials attract the attention of industry because of their potential for application as thermoplastic elastomers, tough plastics, compatibilizing agents for polymer blends, agents for surface and interface mo dification, polymer micelles, etc. Academic interest arises, primarily, from the use of these materials as model copolymer systems where effects of thermodynamic incompatibility of the two (or more) components on properties in bulk and solution can be probed. The synthesis, characterization, and properties of classical linear block copolymers (AB diblocks, ABA triblocks, and segmented (AB)n systems) have been well documented in a number of books and reviews [1-7] and will not be discussed herein except for the sake of comparison. 

The use of infrared spectroscopy for the characterization of polymer blends is extensive [Olabisi et al, 1979 Coleman and Painter, 1984 Utracki, 1989 Coleman et al, 1991]. The applicability,... 

It is usually difficult to isolate and characterize a copolymer from a melt-processed polymer blend. Model studies of copolymer formation between immiscible polymers have been performed either in solution (where there is unlimited interfacial volume for reaction) or using hot-pressed films of the polymers (where the interfacial volume for reaction is strictly controlled at a fixed phase interface). Model smdies using low molecular weight analogs of the reactive polymers are useful but their applicability to high molecular weight reacting systems is limited. 

R. A. Shanks and G. Amarasinghe, Application of differential scanning calorimetry to analysis of polymer blends, in Polymer Characterization Techniques and Their Application to Blends, G. Simon (ed.), Oxford University Press, New York, 2003, pp. 22-67. 

Polymer Characterization Techniques and Their Application to Blends, ed. G.P. Simon, Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, N.Y., 2003 R 277 A.K. Whittaker, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Polymer Blends , p. 461... 

Whittaker, A. K., Editor(s) Simon, G. P. Polymer Characterization Techniques and Their Application to Blends, 2003,461-503 Spiess, H. W., Macromolecular Symposia, 2003,201, 85-88 Li, Jun Rajca, Andrzej Rajca, Suchada., Synthetic Metals, 2003,137,1507-1508 Komenda, Thomas Jordan, Rainer., Polymer Preprints American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry), 2003,44, 986-987... 

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy can be used to characterize drug substances, polymer blends, polymer complexes, dynamics, surfaces, and interfaces, as well as chromatographic effluents and degradation products. It provides information about the complexation and interactions between the various constituents in the PECs. It is capable of qualitative identification of the structure of unknown materials as well as the quantitative measurement of the components in a complex mixture. FT-IR spectra of physical mixture and PEC can be determined by FT-IR spectrophotometer using KBr disc method in the range of 4000 to 250 cm h Since the stability and drug substance is very important in several applications, determination of their physicochemical stability is crucial. The FTIR spectra of polyacrylic acid, PVP, metformin hydrochloride, and PEC microparticles of metformin were shown in Figure 56.8. The FTIR spectra of polyacrylic acid and PVP have shown... 

Rag Raghava, R. S. Development and characterization of thermosetting-thermoplastic polymer blends for applications in damage-tolerant composites. J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 26 (1988) 65-81. 

Parveen Saini (PhD Thesis) Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Conducting Polymer Blends and Composites for Microwave Shielding and Antistatic Application, 2012 (Copyright Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India). 

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