Pharmaceutical applications glasses

One of the most commonly used measures of durability, i.e. the loss of sodium from the glass, is important to the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, but other changes such as loss of surface quality, are of equal importance for optical and window glasses. The properties of a wide range of technical glasses are well catalogued but the data are often inadequate when considering a particular application and where possible nonstandard whole article tests are advisable. 

The earliest applications for quantitative analysis of liquid samples and solid preparations entailed sample dissolution in an appropriate solvent. A number of moisture determinations in APIs and pharmaceutical preparations based on both reflectance and transmission measurements have been reported. Their results are comparable to those of the KF method. The high sensitivity provided by the NIR technique has fostered its use in the determination of moisture in freeze-dried pharmaceuticals. ° The noninvasive nature of NIR has been exploited in determination of moisture in sealed glass vials. " " ... 

Zinc oxide occurs in nature as mineral zincite. It is the most important zinc compound and has numerous industrial applications. Zinc oxide is the pigment in white paints. It is used to make enamels, white printing inks, white glue, opaque glasses, rubber products and floor tiles. It is used in cosmetics, soaps, pharmaceuticals, dental cements, storage batteries, electrical equipment, and piezoelectric devices. Other applications are as a flame retardant, as a UV absorber in plastics, and a reagent in analytical chemistry. A major application of zinc oxide is in the preparation of most zinc salts. In medicine, the compound is used as an antiseptic, an astringent and a topical protectant. 

The NIR region is of great interest for pharmaceutical applications. NIRS is fast, nondestructive, and cost effective. Samples require no preparation and can be measured as such, intact and available for further analysis. NIRS can be performed in-, on-, and offline. Also, glass fiber optics can be used to perform remote analysis, thus bringing radiation directly to the sample. Many more advantages can be cited when considering the practical use of NIR in a pharmaceutical process, depending on the particular objective. 

In addition to the construction industry, phenol has many other applications. It is used in pharmaceuticals, in herbicides and pesticides, and as a germicide in paints. It can be used to produce caprolactam, which is the monomer used in the production of nylon 6. Another important industrial compound produced from phenol is bisphenol A, which is made from phenol and acetone. Bisphenol A is used in the manufacture of polycarbonate resins. Polycarbonate resins are manufactured into structural parts used in the manufacture of various products such as automobile parts, electrical products, and consumer appliances. Items such as compact discs, reading glasses, sunglasses, and water bottles are made from polycarbonates. 

Whereas the worldwide production of zinc oxide [1314-13-2] is estimated to be around 500,000 t annually, only about 75,000—100,000 t are used for pigmentary applications by the paint industry. About 250,000 t are consumed by the rubber industry, and the rest is used in the production of plastics, paper, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, ceramics, and glass (see Zinc compounds). 

The first uses of microtechnology for screening applications were presented recently. For instance, Watts and Haswell [2] presented first work on microfluidic combinatorial organic chemistry. Most of the examples described apply to glass, polymer or silicon reactors, which restricts their usage to low-pressure operation similar to pharmaceutical applications. They concluded that micro reactors could be a tool for rapid reaction development and process optimization. 

Pleated These cartridge filters are typically used in higher-purity applications, such as pharmaceutical and microelectronics. The filters can have a multi-layered construction or be single layer. Typical materials of construction include polypropylene, polyethersulfone, and borosilicate glass fiber. 

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