Applications of Biosensors

Application of biosensors based on direct electron transfer of protein... 

APPLICATION OF BIOSENSORS BASED ON DIRECT ELECTRON TRANSFER OF PROTEIN... 

Marco MP, Barcelo D (1999) Fundamentals and applications of biosensors for environmental analysis. In Barcelo D (ed) Sample handling and trace analysis of pollutants techniques, applications and quality assurance. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 1075... 

Table 6.1 Some recent publications describing applications of biosensors useful for additives analysis... 

The application of biosensors for process monitoring has been dogged by problems with fouling, selectivity, degrading bioactivity and long-term stability. Recent developments in molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) show some promise as synthetic receptors and have been used for this purpose for assays and as HPLC stationary phases. Recent work has shown that MIPs show increased robustness, storage endurance and lower cost compared with biosensors, which... 

The application of biosensors for pathogen detection from food samples is challenging because of fhe complex nature of food matrices, which... 

Riedel K (1998) Application of biosensors to environmental samples. In Ramsay G (ed) Commercial biosensors application to clinical, bioprocess and environmental samples. WUey, New York, pp 267-294... 

Xiong, H.Y., Chen, T., Zhang, X.H., and Wang, S.R, Electrochemical property and analysis application of biosensors in miscible nonaqueous media-room temperature ionic liquid, Electrochem. Commun., 9,1648-1654,2007. 

Bruno, J. Application of biosensor assays for the characterization of biopharmaceuticals. 4th Symposium on the Analysis of Well Characterized Biotechnology Pharmaceuticals. San Francisco, Jan. 9-12, 2000. 

The analytical device is represented by an amperometric biosensor able to monitor the evolution of photosynthetic 02, obtained by coupling a suited algal bioreceptor to a Clark electrode. The selected algal species is the marine filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa (Campanella [4]). Further details on the application of biosensors for integral toxicity... 

Further details on the application of biosensors for environmental permanence measurements can be found in Procedure 11 (in CD accompanying this book). 

C. Menzel, T. Lerch, K. Schneider, R. Weidemann, C. Tollnick, G. Kretzmer, T. Scheper and K. Schuger, Application of biosensors with an electrolyte isolator semiconductor capacitor (EIS-CAP) transducer for process monitoring, Process Biochem., 33(2) (1998) 175-180. 

L.A. Terry, S.F. White and L.J. Tigwell, The application of biosensors to fresh produce and the wider food industry, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53 (2005) 1309-1316. 

However, it should be mentioned that there is a flexible hand-held electrochemical instrument on the market, which can be programmed to be used in a variety of voltammetric/amperometric modes in the field [209]. Although the majority of biosensor applications described in this review were for single analyte detection, it is very likely that future directions will involve development of biosensor arrays for multi-analyte determinations. One example of this approach has been described in an earlier section, where five OPs could be monitored with an array of biosensors based on mutant forms of AChE from D. melanogaster [187]. This array has considerable potential for monitoring the quality of food, such as wheat and fruit. Developments and applications of biosensors in the area of food analysis are expected to grow as consumer demand for improved quality and safety increases. Another area where biosensor developments are likely to increase significantly is in the field of environmental analysis, particularly with respect to the defence of public... 

Possibilities to manipulate molecular matrix of the electrode or its surface combined with large-scale electrochemical research methods led to the explosion in development and application of biosensors and chemically modified sensors [4], Biochemically and chemically modified sensors possess high selectivity and sensitivity. 

Actually, special attention is paid in the application of biosensors in environmental analysis. The high cost and slow turnaround times typically associated with the measurement of regulated pollutants clearly indicates a need for environmental screening and monitoring methods that are fast, portable and cost-effective. To meet this need, a variety of field analytical methods have been introduced. Because of their unique characteristics, however, technologies such as DNA sensors and immunosensors based on AuNPs might be exploited to fill specific niche applications in the environmental monitoring area. 

The applicability of biosensors in the food industry has been exhaustively discussed by Mello and Kubota (2002). 

According to the diversity of possible applications many applications of biosensors have been published, e. g. [145,317,462,463]. Often they concentrate especially on a certain group of biosensors but high redundancy is obvious. In the following sections, different sensor types, ordered by the transduction principle, are introduced. 

Specific applications of biosensors in life and health sciences... 

Table 4 Applications of biosensors containing immobilized enzymes for clinical analyses...

In the development and application of biosensors based on enzymes several factors required for the catalytic process have to be taken into account, which are either directly involved in catalysis or influence the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. They are designated coenzymes, prosthetic groups, and effectors. 

The applicability of biosensors may be severely restricted by disturbances caused by sample constituents interfering with the binding or enzymatic conversion of the analyte, such as inhibitors or alternative... 

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