Apoptosis necrosis

External information Cell response Soluble signaling molecules Differentiation Cell-cell interactions 1 1 Ptoliferation Cell-substrate interactions Quiescence Apogens Apoptosis NECROSIS /> 1 1 // -/ V ... 

There is an increasing body of evidence that supports an apoptosis-necrosis cell death continuum. In this continuum, neuronal death can result from varying contributions of coexisting apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms [2]. Therefore the distinct designations... 

Host cells are killed by cytotoxic T-ceUs or natural kiUer cells by the processes of necrosis or apoptosis. Necrosis leads to release of cell contents that can sufficiently disturb the tissue to initiate a local inflammatory response. However, the cell killed by apoptosis is then phagocytosed, which does not cause local disturbance, so that inflammation does not occur (Chapter 20). Apoptosis is achieved by two mechanisms release of toxic granules by the cytotoxic cells or by the binding of the cytotoxic ceU to the host ceU, via its death receptor protein (see below). 

A. L. Edinger and C. B. Thompson, Death by design apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 2004, 16(6), 663. 

Shinoura N, Yoshida Y, Asai A, Kirino T, Hamada H (1999) Relative level of expression of bax and bcl-XL determines the cellular fate of apoptosis/necrosis induced by the overexpression of Bax. Oncogene 18 5703-5713... 

Direct activation of T cells (e.g., derived from patients) Cell damage (reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, necrosis) LLNA (topical application, indication of hapten-protein conjugation) Oral exposure studies (using bystander or reporter antigens to read out immunosensitization)... 

H7. Hirsch, T., Marchetti, R, Susin, S. A., Dallaporta, B., Zamzami, N., Marzo, L, Geuskens, M., and Kroemer, G., The apoptosis-necrosis paradox. Apoptogenic proteases activated after mitochondrial permeability transition determine the mode of cell death. Oncogene 15, 1573-1581 (1997). 

FIGURE 1 — 18. Neuronal death can occur by either necrosis or apoptosis. Necrosis is analogous to neuronal assassination, in which neurons explode and cause an inflammatory reaction after being destroyed by poisons, suffocation, or toxins such as glutamate. On the other hand, apoptosis is akin to neuronal suicide and results when the genetic machinery is activated to cause the neuron to literally fade away without causing the molecular mess of necrosis. 

Keywords Calcium Ca2+ signalling apoptosis necrosis cell death... 

The stationary phase is followed by a decline period in which cell death is not compensated by cells in proliferation. Cell death can occur by two distinct mechanisms, named necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis occurs as a result of an irreversible injury and normal homeostasis is lost. In vivo, this form of death generally affects the neighboring cells and may result in inflammation. Autodestruction occurs by activation of hydrolases when there is a lack of nutrients and oxygen, followed by progressive disorganization and complete disintegration of the cell. 

Nicotera P, Melino G. Regulation of the apoptosis-necrosis switch. Oncogene 2004 23 2757-2765. 

Grasl-Kraupp B, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Koudelka H, Bukowska K, Bursch W, Schulte-Hermann R. In situ detection of fragmented DNA (TUNEL assay) fails to discriminate among apoptosis, necrosis, and autolytic cell death A cautionary note. Hepatology 1995 21 1465-1468. 

Vaux, D. L. Apoptosis and toxicology—What relevance Toxicology 181-182, 3-7, 2002. Zeiss, C. J. The apoptosis-necrosis continuum insights from genetically altered mice. Vet. Pathol. 40, 481—495, 2003. 

TOXICANT-INDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL APOPTOSIS/NECROSIS 17.4.1 Electron Transport Inhibitors... 

Bone marrow Parenteral, inhalation, ingestion Leukopenia, anemia, thromhoc dopenia Apoptosis, necrosis - all cell types... 

Piers W, et al. More than one way to die apoptosis, necrosis and reactive oxygen damage. Oncogene 1999 18 7719-7730. 

Lash LH, Hueni SE, Putt DA. Apoptosis, necrosis, and cell proliferation induced by S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in primary cultures of human proximal tubular cells.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 177 1-16, 2001. 

A promising tool for toxicity evaluation by rapid high throughput screening is the mitochondrial ADP/ATP ratio assay, which is sensitive and can detect several highly energy dependent processes, such as apoptosis, necrosis, growth arrest, and cell proliferation [68],... 

Histopathology Necrosis Pyknosis Neuronal Degeneration Astrocytosis Layer thickness tf -> Cytotoxicity -> Apoptosis, Necrosis -> Neurotoxicity -> Glia proliferation, GFAP content -> Proliferation, Migration, Myelination, Cell death... 

Levin, S. Apoptosis, necrosis, or oncosis what is your diagnosis A report from the Cell Death Nomenclature Committee of the Society of Toxicologic Pathologists. Toxicol. Sci. 41 155-156, 1998. 

Portera-Cailliau, C, Price, D. L and Martin, L. J. (1997) Non-NMDA and NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxic neuronal deaths in adult brain are morphologically distinct further evidence for an apoptosis-necrosis continuum. J. Comp. Neurol. 378(1), 88-104. 

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