Antineoplastic agents antibiotics

Phenoxazines — The microbial phenoxazines like actinomycins are well-known antibiotics. Actinomycin D produced by Streptomyces anibioticus is an effective antineoplastic agent that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis. The main function of ommochromes is to act as screening pigments in the eyes of insects and other arthropods, as pattern pigments in the integument, and as excretion products of excess tryptophan. ... 

Considering all aspects, sex hormones, antibacterials, and antineoplastic agents were identified by Christensen as the three most relevant groups of chemicals concerning their potential human risk as a consequence of drug exposure via the environment [10]. Immunochemical methods for hormones and antibiotics have already been discussed above. In this section we will describe methods based on the use of antibodies for the analysis of analgesics, NSAIDs, and cytostatic agents. 

Bosanquet, A.G. (1986) Stability of solutions of antineoplastic agents during preparation and storage for in vitro assays. II. Assay methods, adriamycin and the other antitumor antibiotics, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 17, 1-10. 

Remers, W. A., The Chemistry of Antitumor Antibiotics, Volume Two. Wiley Interscience, New York, 1988. Renters, W. A., Antineoplastic Agents. Wiley Interscience, New York, 1984. 

Many aromatic systems have been oxidized by Fremy s salt, including phenols, naphthols, anilines, quinolines, indoles, carbazoles, and polyaromatic systems. The review articles by Zimmer and Parker can be consulted for specific examples. Slight modifications of the mechanism presented in Scheme 20 explain the oxidation of most of these classes of compounds [63], Oxidations by Fremy s salt and related nitroxides have been used in the total synthesis of several biologically active compounds [64], Recent examples can be found in the syntheses of the antitumor antibiotic streptonigrone (34), the antitumor agent EO-9 (35), the anti-rheumatic agent epoxyquinomicin B (36), and the antineoplastic agent makaluvamine C (37) (Scheme 21) [65]. 

Some important groups of antibiotics and antineoplastic agent such as the vancomycins (e.g. vancomycinic acid) and the so called OF peptides (e.g. peptide 49491) are evidently products of oxidative phenolic coupling, while with the tetracylines this process seems to be marginal. In antibiotic A 41030 as many as three ether linkages and one C-C bond is formed by oxidative coupling. The dimeric tetracycline A-2201 is shown with the anthraquinones (Scheme 29). 

Daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, and idarubicin are examples of anthracycline antibiotic agents. These agents are used as antineoplastic agents. 

The recognitiion of antibiotics as an important class of antineoplastic agents is quite recent. Consequently, the production of antineoplastic agents through proper strain selection and controlled microbial fermentation conditions may ultimately optimize the formation of a particular component in an antibiotic mixture. 

In general, hospital patients have an increased susceptibility to infection [7]. Common chemotherapeutic treatments (e.g., corticosteroids, antineoplastic agents, and antibiotics) individually and synergistically contribute to increased susceptibility [8]. This is due mainly to immune system suppression and/or altering the patient s normal flora, often with replacement by antibiotic-resistant hospital microorganisms, as previously discussed. 

The benzodiazepines (177) and (178) are HIV-Tat antagonists and are being evaluated as therapies for the treatment of AIDS <9iscii,799> as is the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine (179) <90SCI1411>. The natural product azepinomycin (180) is reported to be an antibiotic with antitumour properties <88H(27)ii63> and anthramycin (181) is an antineoplastic agent. 

Biodegradable hydrogels have also been developed for use in controlled drug delivery as carriers of biologically active materials such as hormones, enz5mes, antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, and cell suspensions. Temporary preservation of functional properties of a carried species, as well as the controlled release of the species into local tissues or systemic circulation, have been achieved. 

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