Antigenicity drugs

Antigens (drugs, hormones, peptides, proteins, viruses, and cell components)... 

Isotope dilution in combination with the substoichiometric principle is applied in various ways. The most important examples are radioimmunoassay for protein analysis and DNA analysis. In radioimmunoassay, radionuclides are used as tracers and immunochemical reactions for isolation. Radioimmunoassay was first described in 1959 by Yalow and Berson, and since then has found very broad application in clinical medicine, in particular for the measurement of serum proteins, hormones, enzymes, viruses, bacterial antigens, drugs and other substances in blood, other body fluids and tissues. Only one drop of blood is needed, and the analysis can be per-fonned automatically. Today more than 10 immunoassays are made annually in the United States. The most important advantages of the method are the high sensitivity and the high specificity. In favourable cases quantities down to 10 g can... 

FIGURE 6.20 Formation of an antigenic drug-protein conjugate and subsequent stimulation of antibody production. The antibody so produced combines with the conjugate and inactivates it, in some cases by causing precipitation of the complex. 

Antigenicity Drug Stimulation of the Adaptive Immune System... 

Proteins (antibodies and antigens) Drug-loaded polymers Others... 

The lymphocyte transformation test, first proposed as a morphological assessment of lymphoblast production in culture upon incubation with the antigenic drug (Heitmann and Kuwert 1966 Halpern et al. 1967), was soon used in its biochemical version, based on measurement of DNA synthesis and [ HJthymidine uptake (Rose et al. 1966 Vischer 1966 Evans 1967 Fellner et al. 1967 a Assem and Vickers 1972 Sarkany and Gaylarde 1978 Warrington and Tse 1979). Al-... 

Ojer P, Neutsch L, Gabor F, Irache JM, Cerain AL. Cytotoxicity and cell interaction studies of bioadhesive poly(anhydride) nanoparticles for oral antigen/drug delivery. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2013 9 1891-903. 

Immune Defense. Figure 3 Drugs involved in suppressing innate and adaptive immune response. Abbreviations mob monoclonal antibody, TCR T-cell antigen receptor, IL-2 interleukin-2, R receptor, CD cluster of differentiation. 

Muronomab-CD3 is a murine monoclonal antibody directed against the CD3 complex of the T-lymphocyte antigen receptor. This drug selectively diminishes the T-lymphocyte pool resulting in a strong lymphopenia. Similar to other nonhuman antibodies the generation of human antimurine antibodies (HAMA) limits its long-term use. 

The exact molecular mode of action of this drug, which is so far only marketed in Japan, is not clear. Presumably, it interferes with antigen processing in APCs. 

Allergic reactions (especially those of type IV) can lead to disorders which resemble autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases. If an immediate elimination of the antigen is not feasible, immunosuppressive drugs can represent a reasonable addendum. 

PA S1 S01.143 Tryptase alpha Drug target for asthma and antigen-induced bronchoconstriction... 

Passive immunity is obtained from the administration of immune globulins or antivenins. This type of immunity provides die individual with ready-made antibodies from another human or an animal (see Pig. 54-1). Passive immunity provides immediate immunity to die invading antigen, but lasts for only a short time. The Summary Drug Table Agents for Fhssive Immunity identifies agents for passive immunizations. Display 54-4 provides an example of passive immunity. 

These results open the exciting possibility of using degradable, tyrosine-derived polymers as "custom-designed" antigen delivery devices. On the other hand, our results indicate that the immunological properties of tyrosine-derived polymers will have to be carefully evaluated before such polymers can be considered for use as drug delivery systems or medical implants. 

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