Antifouling performance

Messiha, N.N. and N.E. Ikladious. 1986. Antifouling performance of some new organotin polymers in the Mediterranean and Red Sea. Jour. Controlled Release 3 235-242. 

Antifouling performance testing is a very important and specific method for these types of paints. For several years, Hempel A/S has conducted both static and dynamic tests in the evaluation and optimisation of biocide-based AF paints and fouling-release paint products. 

Antifouling performance of these organotin carboxylate polymers indicates that their mode of action corresponds to the bulk abiotic bond cleavage model proposed by Castelli and Yeager (8). The controlling factors to be considered here are ... 

Antifouling performance of organotin carboxylate polymers show that their mode of action corresponds to the "bulk abiotic bond cleavage" model. All the controlling factors are analyzed. 

The case study from chapter 7 is concerned with the design and improvement of chemically-active ship bottom paints known as antifouling paints. A hybrid experiment-model based approach is employed here. Experiments and use of expert knowledge are employed to identify product alternatives, whose evaluation in terms of performance as a marine biofouling protector is verified through a model-based approach. 

The amount of biocides needed in an antifouling paint will be determined by actual tests performed in real life. A rule of thumb says that the minimum level of protection with copper is a leaching rate of 10 pg/(cm2 day) (WHOI, 1952). The amount of cuprous oxide can be up to 40 wt % of an antifouling paint and it is normally assisted by booster biocides (5 to 10 wt %) to provide full protection against both animals and algae. The amount of biocides will be based on practical performance and, at the same time, be restricted to given legislation. 

The dynamic testing is performed on rotaiy set-ups either located in the laboratory or at sea sites. Typically, the laboratoiy set-ups have been used to investigate the polishing and the leaching behaviour of antifouling paints and the information has been used either for screening purposes or for support for mathematical modelling of paint behaviour (Kiil et al., 2001). 

The mathematical model underlying the simulations is described in detail in Kiil et al. (2001) and used for performing dynamic simulations in Kiil et al. (2002b). The physical process is described in the earlier section on working mechanisms of antifouling paints. Here, as an example the effect of temperature changes on... 

Yebra, D.M., Kiil, S.Z., Weinell, C.E., Dam-Johansen, K. Parametric Study of Tin-Free Antifouling Model Paint Performance Using Rotary Experiments. Submitted for publication to Biofouling (2005b). 

Jet fuel, burner kerosene, heating oil, and heavy marine fuel oils do not typically contain detergents. The widespread need for detergents to improve fuel performance in these applications has not yet developed. Although in some small markets, combustion catalysts and burner nozzle antifoulants are utilized. 

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