Antifouling compound

Pocurull et al. [130] used the online solid-phase extraction GCMS preconcentration method to determine organotin antifouling compounds in seawater 10 ng/1 detection limits were achieved using a 10 ml sample. 

Dixon, D.R. and H. Prosser. 1986. An investigation of the genotoxic effects of an organotin antifouling compound (bis (tributyltin) oxide) on the chromosomes of the edible mussel, Mytilus edulis. Aquat. Toxicol. 8 185-195. 

Ilrandham PF,(1967) Time-lapse studicsorconjugationinCavmarmmArjpyh.vII. Pscudoconjugation and an anisogamous mating behaviour involving chemotaxis. Can J Bot 45 483 493 Callow JA, Callow ME (2006) Bioflims. In Fusetani N, Clare A (eds) Antifouling Compounds. 

Slattery, M., McClintock, J. B., and Heine, J. N. (1995). Chemical defense in Antarctic soft corals Evidence for antifouling compounds. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 190, 61-71. 

Toth, S., Becker-van Slooten, K., Spack, L., de Alencastro, L.F., Tarradellas, J., 1996. Irgarol 1051, an antifouling compound in freshwater, sediment, and biota of Lake Geneva. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57, 426 433. 

Organo-tin compounds have been used as catalysts, stabilisers for plastics and biocides. Tributyltin (TBT) species are very effective biocides, and have been incorporated as active agents in antifouling compounds for marine applications. However, TBT has seriously affected other marine organisms such as oysters, crabs and fish even at parts per billion and lower concentrations in water. Consequendy, the determinations of low levels of TBT and dibutyl tin (DBT), its less toxic primary degradation product in water and in biological materials, are very important. 

Price, R.R., Patchen, M., Rittschof, D., Clare, A.S., and Bonaventura, J., Performance enhancement of natural antifouling compounds and their analogs through microencapsulation and controlled release, Biofouling, 6, 207, 1992. 

Gough, M.A., Fothergill, J., and Hendrie, J.D., A survey of southern England coastal waters for the s-triazine antifouling compound Irgarol 1051, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 28, 613, 1994. 

Qian PY, Xu Y, Fusetani N (2010) Natural products as antifouling compounds recent progress and future perspectives. Biofouling 26 223-234... 

Metals may be introduced into paints as the principal constituents in pigments, in drying oils, in pesticides or antifouling compounds and as markers in security paints. The need to monitor metal levels arises from the effects trace metals may have upon the colour or quality of the paint, its toxicity or in forensic applications. Many countries have legislation specifying the maximum permissible levels for toxic elements in toys. The British Toy (Safety) Regulations 1974 [144] sets dry weight limits in paint or varnishes on toys for soluble barium of 500 ppm, soluble antimony and... 

A spermidine derivative with two 4,5-dibromopyrrole-2-carbamyl units, pseudo-ceratidine (120), has been isolated from the sponge Pseudoceratina purpurea as an antifouling compound [145]. 

Organotin compounds are widely used as marine antifouling compounds, wood preservatives, stabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride), antihelmintics, and so on. 

Bugula neritina) and related organisms produce substances with antibacterial, antitumor (e.g. bryostatins, didemnin B, dolastatin, girodazol, halichondrin B), anti-inflammatory (e.g. pseudopterosin E, manoalide derivatives), antifungal, antiviral, or immuno-suppressive (e.g. microcolin A and B) activity [399,400]. These compounds and/or their synthetic derivatives may be important novel bioactive pharmaceutical substances. It is also very Hkely that some new natural marine substances or their derivatives can be used as antifouling compounds, insecticides, or fungicides. 

Okamura, H., T. Watanabe, I. Aoyama and M. Hasobe. Toxicity evaluation of new antifouling compounds using suspension-cultured fish cells. Chemosphere 46 945-951, 2002. 

K. Sepcic T. Turk, 3-Alkylpyridinium Compounds as Potential Non-Toxic Antifouling Agents, n Antifouling Compounds, N. Fusetani, A. S. Clare, Eds. Springer Berlin, 2006 pp 105-124. 

Algal toxins Anticorrosives Antifoaming agents Antifouling compounds... 

Krug PJ (2006) Defense of benthic invertebrates against surface colonization by larvae a chemical arms race. In Fusetani N, Clare AS (eds) Antifouling compounds. Springer, Berlin, pp 1-53... 

Fig. 26.7 Number of C. volutator males that crawled upstream into the arrival tank E or O (males could also stay in the start tank S). The tank O contained 50 females but E was empty. Males were exposed for 24 h (0.01 or 0.1 pg mL-1) to the antifouling compound medetomidine or to control seawater. Statistical tests (G-test) revealed highly significant differences in distribution depending on the treatment. Fewer exposed males left the starting tank than the controls and after exposure to the higher concentration no significant discrimination between scented and unscented water was observed (figure from Krang and Dahlstrom 2006 photo by D. Lackschewitz). Figure reprinted with permission from Elsevier...

Krang A-S, Dahlstrom M (2006) Effects of a candidate antifouling compound (medetomidine) on pheromone induced mate search in the amphipod Corophium volutator. Mar Pollut Bull 52 1776-1783... 

Besides the degradation of secreted adhesives by enzymes, the production of antifouling compounds is a main strategy to control marine biofouling, while the main concepts to control pathogeiuc biofilms rely on cell lysis and on the degradation of ECM polymers [124],... 

In this chapter, some results from R D for new biocides obtained during the last 10-15 years will be presented. New fungicides, bactericides, insecticides and antifouling compounds will be discussed. In addition, new approaches like the use of enzymes in material protection, new technologies for finding new molecules and the testing of material protection products will be covered briefly. 

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