Antidepressants MAOIs selective serotonin

Dmg-induced serotonin syndrome is generally mild and resolves when the offending drugs are stopped. However, it can be severe and deaths have occurred. A large number of drugs have been implicated including tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), pethidine, lithium, and dextromethorphan. The most severe type of reaction has occurred with the combination of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Both non-selective MAOIs such as phenelzine and selective MAOIs such as moclobemide and selegiline have been implicated. 

The growth during the 1990s in the use of antidepressants, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), for the treatment of anxiety disorders represented a major advance in the pharmacotherapy of anxiety. The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) had been established alongside their antidepressantw actions several decades... 

TCA, tricyclic antidepressant SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor MAOI, monoamine oxidase inhibitor. 0, no effect +, + +, + + + indicate increasing effect. 

In contrast, a less extensive but still convincing database has identified important clinical differences in efficacy for antidepressants used to treat patients with atypical or comorbid depression. Individuals with atypical depression (distinct quality of mood, hyperphagia, hypersomnia, psychomotor retardation, rejection sensitivity, and such unusual atypical features as chocolate craving] have superior responses to monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs], selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and perhaps venlafaxine, and most do not respond well to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs] (Davidson et al. 1982 Liebowitz et al. 1988 Quitkin et al. 1988, 1991). Despite these data, TCAs unfortunately have been the first choice for most atypical patients until SSRIs were introduced. 

MAOI, monoamine oxidase inhibitor SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor TCA, tricyclic antidepressant. 

Citalopram is a selective serotonin re-uptoke inhibitor (SSRI). These tend to have fewer ontimuscarinic effects than tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) drugs, such as dry mouth and constipation however, SSRIs tend to cause gastrointestinal effects, such as nausea and vomiting. MAOIs are monoamine oxidase inhibitors. 

Drugs that may affect methylphenidate include MAOIs. Drugs that may be affected by methylphenidate hydrochloride include guanethidine, anticonvulsants (eg, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, coumarin anticoagulants, and tricyclic antidepressants. 

The field of antidepressant research was revolutionized in the late 1980s by the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), exemplified by fluoxetine (9). In addition to their antidepressant action, SSRIs have also proven effective for a broad range of psychiatric illnesses, and, more importantly, they demonstrated an improved tolerability profile as compared to TCAs and MAOIs due to their increased selectivity. On the other hand, SSRIs proved inferior to TCAs and MAOIs in their reduced antidepressant effects, slower onset of action, lower remission rates, and decreased ability to control the physical symptoms associated with depression. 

Note. ECT=electroconvulsive therapy OCD=obsessive-compulsive disorder SSRI=selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor TCA=tricyclic antidepressant MAOI=monoamine oxidase inhibitor. 

Note. SSRIs=selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors TCAs=tricyclic antidepressants MAOIs=monoamine oxidase inhibitors. 

We have provided a summary of the results from double-blind, random-assignment studies (usually class I or II designs) comparing HCAs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), other new antidepressants, and MAOIs with placebo or with each other for the acute treatment of depression. Each study was reviewed, and a global judgment made, based on all the evidence presented, as to whether a given drug was more effective than placebo or another control therapy. 

Because suicide is one of the leading causes of death in elderly people and in other populations, rapid and effective treatment of depression is warranted. Current therapies include the use of electroconvulsive (shock) therapy, psychiatric intervention, and antidepressant drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Recently, in the U.S., the use of St. John s wort (Hypericum perforatum) has become more prevalent, especially in the treatment of depression. 

Antidepressants were first introduced into the market in the 1950s with the serendipitous discovery of the antidepressant effect of two drugs initially evaluated for other medical uses Iproniazide, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), and Imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). Since then, a whole new generation of chemically and pharmacologically unrelated compounds have been introduced, which appear to be safer and better tolerated due to a more specific mechanism of action. These include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and... 

As we will see later, this type of depressive disorder has been shown to be effectively treated with a particular subtype of antidepressants called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Recent findings suggest that atypical depressions may also respond to selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs). 

MAOI and SSRI are acronyms for two types of antidepression medication. MAOI stands for monoamine oxidase inhibitor. MAOIs must be prescribed and used with caution because they tend to dangerously interact with other types of drugs.Today, other forms of antidepressants are usually prescribed for depression patients first. If those medicines do not work, MAOIs are sometimes used with caution. People taking MAOIs have to restrict their diets and watch what other drugs and medicines they take in order to prevent interactions. SSRI, an antidepressant that is more commonly used, stands for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.They are generally able to be tolerated by more people and can be used for more minor depressive illnesses. 

Previous reports that some TCA and non-TCA, like Iprindol and mianserin, were inhibitors of histamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase from mammalian brain Iri vitro were confirmed for a wide range of antidepressants.22 xhe effect appeared to be mediated by H2-receptors but neither monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) nor selective serotonin (5-HT) uptake inhibitors were very effective. However, TCA also blocked histamine-stimulated cyclic GMP formation in cultured nerve cells by a mechanism which involved Hx-receptors.23 The relevance of these findings, and indeed of the role of histamine in the central nervous sytem, has still to be defined. 

CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide GABA y-aminobutyric acid 5-HT serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine IHS International Headache Society MAOIs monoamine oxidase inhibitors NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor TCA tricyclic antidepressant... 

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