Antibody enzymes and

Recombinant proteins with unique properties can potentially generate new markets and penetrate into existing markets if they can be supplied on a large scale. An ideal system would produce the safest biologically active material at the lowest cost, and would be used in combination with an inexpensive and simple purification process. So far, there have been several examples of the high-yield production of recombinant proteins in transgenic crop plants, mainly in the area of molecular medicines such as antibodies, enzymes and vaccines [45, 48-50]. Modern agricultural practices offer... 

There are at present about 165 biopharmaceutical drugs approved for marketing in the United States and the European Union. This market is worth more than US 50 billion, projected to reach US 70 billion by 2010. Approvals in the past 3 years are mainly for monoclonal antibodies, enzymes, and growth factors. 

Succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-l-carboxylate (SMCC) is a heterobifunctional cross-linker with significant utility in cross-linking proteins, particularly in the preparation of antibody-enzyme and hapten-carrier conjugates (Hashida and Ishikawa, 1985 Dewey et al., 1987). The NHS ester end of the reagent can react with primary amine groups on proteins to form stable amide bonds. The maleimide end of SMCC is specific for coupling to sulfhydryls when the reaction pH is in the range of 6.5-7.5 (Smyth et al., 1964) (Fig. 158). 

While the syringe pump is running, prepare antibody-enzyme and substrate solutions. Usually a dilution of 1 1000 of the antibody-enzyme is enough to successfully stain cells (see Note 10) to prepare substrate, follow manufacturer s recommendations. 

Molecular recognition, defined as the favored binding of a molecule (i.e., a substrate) to a specific site in a receptor over other structurally and chemically related molecules, is at the forefront of science.1 s Long before man walked on this earth, nature had succeeded in the creation of a series of biologically based recognition elements with unmatched specificity antibodies, enzymes, and receptors. Perhaps the simplest well-known example of this concept is the lock and key hypothesis that has been used to describe protein-substrate interactions in biological systems.5-7... 

Hur S, TC Bruice (2003c) Just a near attack conformer for catalysis (chorismate to prephenate rearrangements in water, antibody, enzymes, and their mutants). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (35) 10540-10542... 

Isothiocyanate-terminated polyethylene glycol derivatives, (II) and (III), were prepared by Smith [2] and Acharya [3], respectively, and were effective in selectively reacting with biomolecules including antibodies, enzymes, and proteins. 

The methylol and amino functional groups present in melamine resin are available for covalent attachment of antigens, antibodies, enzymes and other ligands of biological importance. Molecularly imprinted polymers that incorporate alkylated aminotriazines have been proposed for analytical purposes101. 

Biomolecules such as antibodies, enzymes, and cells can be attached to silane-treated surfaces using the free thiols and/or amines on the surface and on the biomolecules. After treatment of clean silica surfaces with a thiol or amine-terminated silane, a homo or hetero-bifunctional crosslinker that possesses appropriate reactive groups can be used to attach a biomolecule to the surface. Figure 4 shows several illustrations of the general schemes for immobilization, described below. 

The techniques described above have been used to identify natural and unnatural polypeptides that bind a host of molecules including antibodies, enzymes, and receptors [24]. For example, antimicrobial peptides with activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have been gen-... 

Antibodies, enzymes, and other reagents used for immunoassay are expensive, hence, when used in the conventional method causes a large problem. Moreover, in many cases, samples are very precious or only a very small amount of samples can be obtained. Therefore, any reduction of the consumption in the microchip systems is welcomed. 

Our hollow cylindrical waveguide structure has also been coated with a human h-IgG antibody enzyme and used to detect a fluorescent labeled antigen Ag /OyB in a immunoassay-type reaction. 

Evidently it would be useless here to recapitulate all the specific tests that have been employed for the various antibodies, enzymes, and hormones found in plasma. Such tests, however, are indiq>en8able for the study of a vast number of plasma components which are of fundamental importance, both in scientific investigation and in the clinic, althouj they may be present in very small amount. 

---