Anti-infective drugs/antimicrobials

Melo MN, Dugourd D, Castanho MARB. (2006) Omiganan pentahydrochloride in the front line of clinical applications of antimicrobial peptides. Recent Pat Anti-Infect Drug Discov 1 201-207. 

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that lives in the human stomach and duodenum. The bacterium is generally recognized as one of the etiological agents of peptic ulcer. Therefore, it is generally accepted that ulcer patients with H. pylori infection require treatment with antimicrobial agents in addition to anti-secretory drugs, whether on first... 

New drug applications for anti-infective and antiviral drugs require a technical section on microbiological data. This section should include the biochemical basis of the drug s action on microbial or viral physiology, the antimicrobial or antiviral spectrum of the drug including results of in vitro preclinical studies... 

Storage Hygroscopic Uses Antimicrobial, antistat, deodorant, surfactant in cosmetics bactericide sanitizer medicine (OTC drug) topical anti-infective Manuf./Distrib. Sigma Spectrum Quality Prods. http //www.spectrumchemical. com Trade Name Synonyms Hyamine 10X f[Lonza http //www.lonza. com]... 

Figure 1.1. Opposite) Sulpha drugs and their mode of action. The first sulpha drug to be used medically was the red dye prontosil rubrum (a). In the early 1930s, experiments illustrated that the administration of this dye to mice infected with haemolytic streptococci prevented the death of the mice. This drug, while effective in vivo, was devoid of in vitro antibacterial activity. It was first used clinically in 1935 under the name Streptozon. It was subsequently shown that prontosil rubrum was enzymatically reduced by the liver, forming sulphanilamide, the actual active antimicrobial agent (b). Sulphanilamide induces its effect by acting as an anti-metabolite with respect to /iflra-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) (c). PABA is an essential component of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) (d). THF serves as an essential co-factor for several cellular enzymes. Sulphanilamide (at sufficiently high concentrations) inhibits manufacture of THF by competing with PABA. This effectively inhibits essential THF-dependent enzyme reactions within the cell. Unlike humans, who can derive folates from their diets, most bacteria must synthesize it de novo, as they cannot absorb it intact from their surroundings...

The quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid berberine (28) is widely used in Asia as a drug. Among other maladies, diarrhea, dysentry, cholera, and eye infections are indications for which berberine or plant extracts containing this alkaloid are applied, because of the antimicrobial activity of berberine (472,506). Berberine interacts with DNA, but this does not seem to be related to its antimicrobial activity (506). Berberine contracts also uterine muscle and is used to stop uterine bleeding. Furthermore berberine has an anti-inflammatory effect (507). In Japan berberine and in particular extracts of dried rhizomes of Coptis japonica Makino var. dissecta (Yatabe) Nakai (Ranunculaceae) are widely used as a stomach tonic. 

Manzamines have shown a variety of bioactivities ineluding cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, pesticidal, and anti-inflammatory properties [2] some of them demonstrated effects on HTV and AIDS opportunistic infections [2], To date, the greatest potential for the manzamine alkaloids appears to be against malaria with manzamine A showing improved aetivity over the elinieally used drugs chloroquine and artemisinin both in vitro and in vivo [2]. 

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