Anti-infective activity

Anti-Infective Activity of PGG. Acute sepsis models utilizing either Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus intraperitoneal challenge were developed to evaluate... 

Figure 5 Direct antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of host defense peptides. Cationic host defense peptides exert their anti-infective activities through either direct antimicrobial activity or through modulation of the host immune response. HDP-mediated direct antimicrobial activity has been demonstrated in vivo for those HDPs that are either present at physiological concentrations that match their respective MIC values or are not inhibited by high salt or divalent cation concentrations. Most natural HDPs have also been demonstrated to be involved in the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses within the host as well as the selective suppression of proinflammatory responses. Ultimately,...

Berberine sulfate was found to have no effect on the growth of uropathogenic E. coli or on the synthesis of major outer membrane proteins, but it did block adhesion of the organisms to erythrocytes and to epithelial cells. The decreased adhesion was accompanied by a reduction in the synthesis of fimbria subunits and in the expression of assembled fimbriae, suggesting that the anti-infective activity of the alkaloid in . co/i-induced UTI may be mediated by the selective suppression of the synthesis and assembly of fimbriae by these organisms [207]. 

The natural product bengamide A (65) is synthesized via coupling of 3-amino-hexahydro-2-azepinone (64) with optically active polyhydroxy alkanyl carboxylic acid (63). Bengamide A was first isolated from choristid sponge and shows anti-infective activity. 

Chitosan is well known as a pH-dependent cationic, nontoxic, antibacterial, easily bioabsorbable, biodegradable, biocompatible (Chandy and Sharma 1990, Hirano et al. 1990), and mucoadhesive biopolymer (Henriksen et al. 1996, He et al. 1998). It also possesses lots of other biological properties such as promoting wound healing (Ueno et al. 2001), anti-infection activity, and antacid and antiulcer activities that prevent or weaken drug-induced irritation in the stomach (Kumar 2000). 

Shi, S. et al.. Solid-phase synthesis and anti-infective activity of a combinatorial hbrary based on the natural product anisomycin, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., submitted for publication. 

As time, went on, there appeared super bacteria such as Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The activity of vancomycin against these bacteria has reduced nearly 1,000 times comparing to that in the old time. Boger discovered the analogs of Vancomycin through reforming the total synthesis route. These analogs have increased the anti-infective activity up to 40 times that of the ordinary vancomycin, which is the best result achieved so far, and this result can only be achieved by total synthesis. Therefore, we can say that total synthesis can make contributions to humanity in different ways in the new era. 

Several structurally distinct library motifs have been evaluated for anti-infective activity. The first library of this type was peptide-based, displaying antibacterial and antifungal activity as described by Houghten in 1991 [82]. Reed and coworkers [79] have since prepared a hexapeptide library 4.11 of >1 million members from which a hexapeptide H-D-Phe-D-Arg-D-Leu-D-Lys-D-Phe-D-His-OH was found with potent activity against certain phytopathogenic fungi. Isis Pharmaceuticals described the solution synthe-... 

Abdelmohsen, U.R., Pimentel-Elardo, S.M., Hanora, A., Radwan, M., Abou-El-Ela, S.H., Ahmed, S., and Hentschel, U. (2010) Isolation, phylogenetic analysis and anti-infective activity screening of marine sponge-associated actinomycetes. Mar. Drugs, 8, 399-412. 

Specific biological activity of carboxylic acids peroxide derivatives in compaiison with their oxidation ability and ionization degree in aqueous solutions has been considered. Peroxyoctanoic, diperoxynonandioic and diperoxydecandioic acids give the most intense bactericidal effect among researched cai boxylic acids peroxide derivatives. The perspectives of use of the aliphatic middle-chain peracid C8-C9 as anti-infective agents have been discussed. 

Sulfonamides are antibacterial agents, meaning they are active against bacteria Another term that may be used to describe the general action of these drugs is anti-infective because they are used to treat infections caused by certain bacteria Sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole, and sulfamethizole are examples of sulfonamide preparations. 

Trimethoprim (Trimpex) interferes with the ability of bacteria to metabolize folinic acid, thereby exerting bacteriostatic activity. Trimethoprim is used for UTIs that are caused by susceptible microorganisms. Trimethoprim administration may result in rash, pruritus, epigastric distress, nausea, and vomiting. When trimethoprim is combined with sulfamethoxazole (Septra), the adverse effects associated with a sulfonamide may also occur. The adverse reactions seen with other anti-infectives, such as ampicillin, the sulfonamides, and cephalosporins, are given in their appropriate chapters. 

In addition, HIV-1 infection also induces the secretion of certain metallo-proteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) that are capable of cleaving the N-terminus of SDF-1 but not that of the P-chemokines, and this decreases SDF-1 affinity for CXCR4 binding (227-229). Proteolytic modification of SDF-1 by a serum factor(s) that is different from CD26 and MMPs, which results in reduced anti-HIV activity, has been described as well (230). How SDF-1 proteolytic... 

The anhydrous petrolatum base may be made more miscible with water through the use of an anhydrous liquid lanolin derivative. Drugs can be incorporated into such a base in aqueous solution if desired. Poly-oxyl 40 stearate and polyethylene glycol 300 are used in an anti-infective ointment to solubilize the active principle in the base so that the ointment can be sterilized by aseptic filtration. The cosmetic-type bases, such as the oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion bases popular in dermatology, should not be used in the eye, nor should liquid emulsions, owing to the ocular irritation produced by the soaps and surfactants used to form the emulsion. 

Flood,J., et al. (1997). Diagnosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) polyradiculopathy and documentation of in vivo anti-CMV activity in cerebrospinal fluid by using branched DNA signal amplification and antigen assays. J. Infect. Dis. 176,348-352. 

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