Anthracy cline

The fluorescence characteristics of dannomycin, doxornbicin, and other anthracy-cline drngs solubilized in the water/AOT/n-heptane system were used to monitor their localization [121],... 

Allen TM, Martin FJ. Advantages of liposomal delivery systems for anthracy-clines. Semin Oncol 2004 31 5-15. 

Q65 Daunorubicin should be diluted v/ith infusion fluid to a concentration of Img/mL and given over 20 minutes. Daunorubicin is an anthracy-cline antibiotic that is highly irritant to tissues. 

Idarubicin (Idamycin) differs from its parent compound, daunorubicin, by the absence of the methoxy group in the anthracycline ring structure. Its mechanisms of action and resistance are similar to those of doxorubicin and daunorubicin however, it is more lipophilic and more potent than these other anthracy-clines. Idarubicin undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion. Adverse reactions of idarubicin are similar to those of its congeners. 

BCRP is classified in ABCG subfamily other members of this subfamily are involved in sterol transport (269). Unlike P-gp and MRPs, BCRP consists of a single ABC cassette in the amino terminal followed by six putative transmembrane domains however, it forms a homodimer linked by a disulfide bond in the plasma membrane (270,271). Initially, ABCG2 was identified as an mRNA expressed in placenta (272) and as a non-MDRl- and non-MRP-type resistance factor from cell lines selected in the presence of anthracy-clines and mitoxantrone (273). BCRP is expressed widely in the normal tissues (274) and localized on the canalicular membrane of the hepatocytes and apical membranes of epithelial cells (274,275) and brain capillary endothelial cells (276,277). 

Fasting enhances the toxicity of many chemicals. One of the earliest studies of this phenomenon compared the effects of fasting and various diets on chloroform-induced hepatotoxicity. Increased hepatotoxicity in association with fasting occurs with chemicals that are capable of depleting GSH, including carbon tetrachloride, 1,1-dichloroethylene, APAP, bromobenzene, and many others. Because fasting decreases the hepatic concentration of GSH in mice and rats, such a decrease could account for the enhanced toxicity of many of these chemicals in fasted animals. In several instances, as a result of a depletion of GSH in the liver after pretreatment with diethyl maleate, APAP, bromobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, and anthracy-clines, showed increased hepatotoxicity. 

Various drugs, for example, diazepam and indomethacin, doxorubicin, anthracy-cline antibiotics, and polynucleotides, were effectively solubilized in polymeric micelles. Also polymeric micelles can carry various reporter (contrast) groups and... 

In addition lipid peroxidation can result from action of active oxygen species. This leads to destruction of metabolically necessary lipid molecules and damage to the structural integrity of cellular membranes. Damage from oxidative stress can occur with excessive production of active oxygen species, inadequate protection against such species, or both. Examples of toxicity from active oxygen species include the pancreatic beta-cell destruction by alloxan, the neurotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine, the cardiotoxicity of the anthracy-cline antibiotics, and the pulmonary toxicity of the herbicide paraquat. 

Aranda, G. Calcabtinr, A. Meschini, S. Molinati, A. Intracellular distribution of anthracy-clines in drug resistant cells. Cytotechnology 1998, 27, 95-111. 

The incorporation of drugs into liposomal formnlations often resnlts in a significant alteration of the toxicity profile for some drng snbstances and, surprisingly, new toxicides may be introdnced. This has been fonnd especially so in the case of doxorubicin and other related anthracy-cline drugs where cardiotoxicity associated with cumulative... 

Tumors with HER-2 overexpression are usually highly sensitive to the anthracy-cline chemotherapy (Doxorubicin, Epirubicin) and have an enhanced response to the taxane chemotherapy (paclitaxel). 

Batrakova EV, Dorodnych TY, Klinskii EY, et al. Anthracy-cline antibiotics non-covalently incorporated into the block copolymer micelles in vivo evaluation of anti-cancer activity. Br J Cancer 1996 74 1545-1552. 

The methodology has been extended to the-synthesis of anthracyclo-nes which represent the aglycon part of the anti-tumor active anthracy-cline [102b]. 

As noted previously, cardiac dysfunction and heart failure are potentially common late effects of oncologic therapy (Lenihan and Cardinale 2012). The authors emphasized the importance of the latter category precisely because of the benefits of early identification and appropriate intervention. Cardinale and colleagues (2015) conducted a prospective study addressing the early detection of anthracycline cardiotoxicity and improvement with heart failure therapy. In the study, including 2,625 participants initially, individuals were followed up after the last dose of anthracy-cline-containing therapy the median follow-up period was 5.2 years (range 4 months to 19 years). Two hundred and twenty-five (9 %) participants were lost to follow-up. Of the rest, cardiotoxicity occurred in 226 (9 %). The median time between cessation of treatment and the development of cardiotoxicity was 3.5 months. 

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