Anthracene solid

Naphthalene, CioHs, colourless solid, m.p. 80°, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, characteristic odour. Anthracene, CjH4 C2H2 CjH4, m.p. 216°, white crystals when pure, with a faint blue fluorescence, but often very pale yellow crystals insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol. Phenanthrene, m.p. 98°, and biphenyl, m.p. 69°, are white solids. 

Picrates, Many aromatic hydrocarbons (and other classes of organic compounds) form molecular compounds with picric acid, for example, naphthalene picrate CioHg.CgH2(N02)30H. Some picrates, e.g., anthracene picrate, are so unstable as to be decomposed by many, particularly hydroxylic, solvents they therefore cannot be easily recrystaUised. Their preparation may be accomplished in such non-hydroxylic solvents as chloroform, benzene or ether. The picrates of hydrocarbons can be readily separated into their constituents by warming with dilute ammonia solution and filtering (if the hydrocarbon is a solid) through a moist filter paper. The filtrate contains the picric acid as the ammonium salt, and the hydrocarbon is left on the filter paper. 

Anthracene and maleic anhydride. In a 50 ml. round-bottomed flask fitted with a reflux condenser, place 2 0 g. of pure anthracene, I 1 g. of maleic anhydride (Section 111,93) and 25 ml. of dry xylene. Boil the mixture under reflux for 20 minutes with frequent shaking during the first 10 minutes. Allow to cool somewhat, add 0 5 g. of decolourising carbon and boil for a further 5 minutes. Filter the hot solution through a small, preheated Buchner funnel. Collect the solid which separates upon coohng by suction filtration, and dry it in a vacuum desiccator containing paraffin wax shavings (to absorb traces of xylene). The yield of adduct (colourless crystals), m.p. 262-263° (decomp.), is 2-2 g. Place the product (9 10-dihydroanthracene-9 10-cndo-ap-succinic anhydride) in a weU-stoppered tube, since exposure to air tends to cause hydration of the anhydride portion of the molecule. 

FIG. 22-21 Enhancement factor for solids with a variety of polar functionalities in CO9 at 35 C (from bottom to top hexamethylbenzene, 2-naphthol, phthalic anhydride, anthracene, acridine). 

In the context of this section it is important that Ruchardt and Tan (1970 a) found that (solid) benzenediazonium fluoroborate gave benzyne adducts with potassium acetate in the presence of aryne trapping agents such as tetracyclone or anthracene. This is, however, not the case if water is present (Cadogan, 1971). As a consequence of these observations, Cadogan et al. (1971) simplified the formation of arynes from diazonium ions by converting aniline or its substitution products into arynes in a... 

In a dry, 1-1., two-necked flask, equipped with a mechanical stirrer and a reflux condenser fitted with a drying tube, are placed 17.8 g. (0.100 mole) of anthracene (Note 1), 27.2 g. (0.202 mole) of anhydrous cupric chloride (Note 2), and 500 ml. of carbon tetrachloride (Note 3). The reaction mixture is stirred and heated under reflux for 18-24 hours. The brown cupric chloride is gradually converted to white cuprous chloride, and hydrogen chloride is gradually evolved. At the end of the reaction the cuprous chloride is removed by filtration, and the carbon tetrachloride solution is passed through a 35-mm. chromatographic column filled with 200 g. of alumina (Note 4). The column is eluted with 400 ml. of carbon tetrachloride. The combined eluates are evaporated to dryness to give 19-21 g. (89-99%) of 9-chloroanthracene as a lemon-yellow solid, m.p. 102-104° (Note 5). Crystallization of the product from petroleum ether... 

The low solubility of fullerene (Ceo) in common organic solvents such as THE, MeCN and DCM interferes with its functionalization, which is a key step for its synthetic applications. Solid state photochemistry is a powerful strategy for overcoming this difficulty. Thus a 1 1 mixture of Cgo and 9-methylanthra-cene (Equation 4.10, R = Me) exposed to a high-pressure mercury lamp gives the adduct 72 (R = Me) with 68% conversion [51]. No 9-methylanthracene dimers were detected. Anthracene does not react with Ceo under these conditions this has been correlated to its ionization potential which is lower than that of the 9-methyl derivative. This suggests that the Diels-Alder reaction proceeds via photo-induced electron transfer from 9-methylanthracene to the triplet excited state of Ceo-... 

Allylchlorosilanes reacted with naphthalene to give isomeric mixtures of poly-alkylated products. However, it was difficult to distill and purify the products for characterization from the reaction mixture due to the high boiling points of the products and the presence of many isomeric compounds. The alkylation of anthracene with allylchlorosilanes failed due to deactivation by complex formation w ith anthracene and the self-polymerization of anthracene to solid char. 

This element can never be controlled. Fluorine reacts violently with solid methane at -190°C. With liquid hydrocarbons at -210°C, the reaction is dangerous. All hydrocarbons react dangerously, from the first homologues to anthracene as well as lubricants. In the gaseous state, there is ignition with small quantities, and detonation with large quantities and when the mixture is made quickly. There is immediate detonation with alkenes and alkynes. With benzene, when fluorine is incorporated bubble by bubble and at a low temperature, this causes ignition on the surface. If the flow rate is substantial, there is immediate detonation. 

The theory of sublimation, t.e. the direct conversion from the vapour to the solid state without the intermediate formation of the liquid state, has been discussed in Section 1,19. The number of compounds which can be purified by sublimation under normal pressm-e is comparatively small (these include naphthalene, anthracene, benzoic acid, hexachloroethane, camphor, and the quinones). The process does, in general, yield products of high pm-ity, but considerable loss of product may occur. 

By examining any correlation between excimer formation (as evidenced by characteristic excimer fluorescence) and dimerization quantum yield, one could perhaps determine whether dimerization is dependent upon prior excimer formation. Excimer fluorescence from anthracene solutions at room temperature is negligible although it has been observed in the solid state at low temperature.<75) Unfortunately, the data for substituted anthracenes allow no firm conclusions to be drawn. Some derivatives dimerize but do not exhibit excimer fluorescence. Others both dimerize and show excimer fluorescence. Still others show excimer fluorescence but do not dimerize and finally, some neither dimerize nor show excimer fluorescence. Hopefully, further work will determine what role excimer formation plays in this photodimerization. 

Violent explosions occur when fluorine directly contacts liquid hydrocarbons, even at —210 with anthracene or turpentine, or solid methane at — 190°C with liquid fluorine. Many lubricants ignite in fluorine [1,2]. Contact and reaction under carefully controlled conditions with catalysis can now be effected smoothly [3], Gaseous hydrocarbons (town gas, methane) ignite in contact with fluorine, and mixtures with unsaturated hydrocarbons (ethylene, acetylene) may explode on exposure to sunlight. Each bubble of fluorine passed through benzene causes ignition, but a rapid stream may lead to explosion [4],... 

The electrodynamic forces proposed for stabilizing jellium provide the principal type of bonding in molecular crystals such as solid methane, rare gas crystals, solid anthracene, and the like. These forces also form the inter-chain bonding of long-chain molecules in polymeric materials (the intra-molecular bonding within the chains is usually covalent). 

Aromatic compounds in the series, benzene, napthalene, anthracene, tetracene, etc., form crystals. However, benzene melts below room temperature. Napthalene, although solid at room temperature, has a high vapor pressure. Therefore, the first in the series whose crystals are stable enough at room temperature for extensive hardness studies is anthracene. 

Ogawa M, Shirai H, Kuroda K, Kato C (1992) Solid-state intercalation of naphthalene and anthracene into alkylammonium-montmorillonites. Clays Clay Miner 40 485-490... 

Wick LY, Ruiz de Munain A, Springael D, Harms H (2002) Responses of Mycobacterium sp. LB501T to the low bioavailability of solid anthracene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 58 378-385... 

Bender, R., Bieling, V., Maurer, G. (1983) The vapour pressures of solids anthracene, hydroquinone, and resorcinol. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 15, 585-594. 

In the most recent plants, the electrolysis is performed in a membrane cell while the chemical step is carried out by allowing the chromic acid to trickle through a column of solid anthracene. The product - anthraquinone - is also insoluble in the aqueous acid so that the organic conversion is effectively completed in the solid state. The reaction goes to completion provided the particle size of the anthracene falls within a suitable range. The spent redox reagent is then passed through an activated carbon bed to remove traces of... 

X. Jiang, Z. Zhang, X. Zheng, Y. Wu, and S. Xu, A blue organic emitting diode from anthracene derivative, Thin Solid Films, 401 251-254 (2001). 

GG Roberts, M McGinnity, WA Barlow, and PS Vincett, Electroluminescence, photoluminescence and electroabsorption of a lightly substituted anthracene Langmuir film, Solid State Commun., 32 683-686, 1979. 

Figure 4. Calculation of the substrate uptake driven diffusive transfer of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon anthracene to Mycobacterium sp. LB501T (solid line) and three other imaginary bacterial strains differing from strain LB501T by their 100-fold lower (dots), 10-fold lower (long dashes) and 10-fold higher (short dashes) specific affinities,...

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