Anterior cingulate gyrus

Functional neuroimaging studies provide strong evidence for dysfunction of the cortical-striatal-thalamocortical (CSTC) circuitry. Symptoms of OCD are associated with increased activity in orbitofrontal cortex in neutral state (Swedo et ah, 1989b Baxter, 1994 Saxena et ah, 1998). Increased activity was also noted in some of these studies in anterior cingulate gyrus, caudate nucleus, and thalamus. Horwitz et al. (1991) found that the pattern of intercorrelations between various brain regions in patients with OCD differed from that of controls. 

Szeszko PR, Bilder RM, Lencz T, Ashtari M, Goldman RS, et al. 2000. Reduced anterior cingulate gyrus volume correlates with executive dysfunction in men with first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 43 97-108. 

Favorable effect on neuronal viability in the anterior cingulate gyrus due to long-term treatment with atypical antipsychotics An mrsi study. Pharmacopsychiatry 34 251-253. 

Larisch R, Klimke A, Vosberg H, Loffler S, Gaebel W, Muller-Gartner HW (1997) In vivo evidence for the involvement of dopamine-D2 receptors in striatum and anterior cingulate gyrus in major depression. 

Anterior cingulate gyrus—part of the brain that may play a critical role in controlling emotions and response to pain. 

Anterior Cingulate Gyrus. C Frontal Lobe. D Parietal Lobe. E occipital Lobe (primary visual cortex), f Temporal Lobe most of this area of the cortex is on the outside of the far side of the brain, hidden in this view. G Cerebellum. H Thalamus. Encircling the Thalamus are the Hippocampus, the Amygdala, the Basal Ganglia and other parts of the limbic system. l Pons. 3 Midbrain, area in which are found the various brain stem nuclei including the Raphe Nuclei, the Locus Coeruleus, the Substantia Nigra, etc. K Medulla. 

Their most striking findings were that fields in the prefrontal cortex of the right hemisphere were specifically active in relation to the GO/ NO-GO task and the acitivation of the anterior cingulate gyrus in response selection tasks. 

Posner and Raichle (1994) When subjects were asked to look for animal names as they read a series of nouns, strong PET activation appeared in the anterior cingulate gyrus. Moreover, the activation became stronger as the number of targets in the list of nouns increased. In addition, there is a reduction in such activation as the task becomes automated with practice. This made the authors think that the area served as an attention system. 

Hanewinkel R, Ferstl R (1996) Effects of modality shift and motor response shift on simple reaction time in schizophrenia patients. J Abnorm Psychol 105(3) 459-463 Hauber W, Bubser M, Schmidt WJ (1994) 6-Hydroxy dopamine lesion of the rat prefrontal cortex impairs motor initiation but not motor execution. Exp Brain Res 99(3) 524-528 Hauber W (1996) Impairments of movement initiation and execution induced by a blockade of dopamine D1 or D2 receptors are reversed by a blockade of N-methyl-D-aspar-tate receptors. Neuroscience 73(1) 121-130 Haznedar, MM, Buchsbaum MS, Luu C, Hazlett EA, Siegel BV Jr, Lohr J, Wu J, Haier RJ, Bunney Jr WE (1997) Decreased anterior cingulate gyrus metabolic rate in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 154(5) 682-684... 

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