Antarctic explorers

The Antarctic coal samples are reportedly of Permian age and were collected in 1957 as part of the Antarctic exploration program of the Ohio State University Institute of Polar Studies. The bulk of the samples are from two localities shown in Figure 1 (1) the Terrace Ridge in the Ohio Range of the Horlick Mountains, and (2) Mount Gran in the Granite Harbour area of South Victoria Land. In each instance the coals were sampled from each of the accessible coal seams in the stratigraphic sequence exposed. Thus, these sam-... 

Post-ingestion from a-, (3- y-carotene other carotenes Sir Douglas Mawson nobly denied himself but gave dog liver to his fellow Antarctic explorers who died of Vitamin A poisoning Post-ingestion from a-, (3- y-carotene other carotenes thence isomerization of all /rcm.s-Retinoic acid... 

Chronic overdose also causes an increased liability of biological membranes and of the outer layer of the skin to peel. An extreme example of this is the case of the hungry Antarctic explorer who in 1913 ate the liver of his husky sledge dogs. His feet felt sore and... 

Painter, ornithologist and naturalist. Son of Captain Robert Scott, the Antarctic explorer, and Kathleen Bruce, the sculptress. Served with the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve during World War II. Honorary Director of the Wildfowl Trust, founded by him in 1946. Former Vice President and now Honorary Chairman of the World Wildlife Fund. Has written and illustrated numerous books. 

Stegenga, H., Bolton, J. J., and Anderson, R. J. (1997). Seaweeds of the South African west coast. Creda press. Cape Town Antarctic explorers, [online] 2000 [cited 2003 July 30] Available from http //tea.rice.edU/hubbard/4.27.2000.html. 

Even as Bellingshausen was returning from his expedition to Antarctica, a British seal hunter of Scottish ancestry by the name of James Weddell (1787-1834) entered upon the stage of Antarctic exploration. Weddell in Fig. 1.2 retired from the British Navy in... 

On the day when the sailing ship Astrolabe of Dumont d Urville encountered the Porpoise of Wilkes fleet on the high sea off the coast of East Antarctica, the crews of both ships hoisted full complements of sails and passed without saluting each other in contrast to Bellingshausen and Palmer who preceded them as Antarctic explorers. 

The magnetic field of the Earth and the location of the magnetic poles were of great interest to the seafaring nations of the nineteenth century because the magnetic compass was used to steer ships across the oceans that contained few points of reference. For this reason, several Antarctic explorers of the nineteenth century attempted to map the magnetic field of the Earth and to determine the position of the magnetic pole in Antarctica (e.g., Dumont d Urville and Charles Wilkes). 

Fig. 1.5 Captain James C. Ross of the Royal Navy of Great Britain together with Captain F.M. R. Crazier was one of the most successful early Antarctic explorers between 1839 and 1843. The two British Navy Captains discovered the Ross Ice Shelf and sailed along it to the coast of Victoria Land. They also discovered Ross Island and named its two principal volcanoes after their two ships Erebus and Terror (Photo by the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, used here with permission)...

Sir Ernest Shackleton s name will for evermore be engraved with letters of fire in the history of Antarctic exploration. 

Old Antarctic Explorers (OAEs) will recall other landmarks of McMurdo such as Obs Hill (Fig. 2.9 and Section 1.4.3), the Berg Field Center (BFC), the Crary... 

Initial Wind Chill This index originally resulted from measurements of the rate of cooling of a container of water. Antarctic explorers measured the cooling power of wind at some temperature in comparison to the equivalent cooling power of still air at another temperature. The resulting equation derived from the study underestimated the time to freezing and overestimated the chilling effect of the wind. 

Finally, there are woik situations where the Siple and Passel (US Antarctic explorers) wind chill index may be valuable for assessing work in cold conditions. 

The Antarctic continent evokes images of extreme environments, rugged explorers, unusual animal life, and, especially for scientists, discovery. Science has, in fact, been the driving force for much of the effort to explore this harshest of continents. Perhaps it was the efforts of Robert Scott and members of his expedition, who studied the wintering habits of the Emperor Penguin, recounted... 

On July 21, 1998 the United States Board on Geographic Names recognized Drs. McClintock and Baker by naming geographic features after them on the north (McClintock Point) and south (Baker Point) sides of Explorers Cove, New Harbor, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. This honor was bestowed upon them to recognize their extensive contributions to Antarctic marine biology and chemical ecology. 

During this century there has been considerable interest in the application of thermoluminescence studies to the recent history of meteorites. Natural TL provides a means of exploring radiation history and thermal environment in a manner which is complementary to isotopic methods, and the measurement of natural TL is now routine for the numerous meteorites being returned each year from the Antarctic (3,4). However, induced TL measurements have also proved of considerable interest, because the measurements have implications for the earliest history of meteorites. Essentially, the induced TL properties of meteorites are determined, with a few notable exceptions, by the amount and the nature of the feldspar in them, and feldspar is very sensitive to the major processes experienced by meteorites. In the present paper, we describe our recent work on the induced TL properties of meteorites and briefly discuss how these data relate to early meteorite history. We emphasize the relationship between the TL data and mineral properties. We also present here detailed descriptions of the cathodoluminescence properties of primitive meteorites, as these provide new insights into mineralogical controls on TL properties. 

Crocetin (C20) is a yellow (IP)2—(PI)2-derived dicarboxylic, acid (generalized structure -OOG-Gig-GOO-) from the styles of Crocus sativus (Iridaceae) (the saffron of Indian cooking and Buddhist robes). Grocin, the digentiobiose ester of crocetin, is water soluble, unlike other carotenoids which are lipophilic (fat soluble). Crocetin is a protein kinase inhibitor. Excess vitamin A (or excess pro-vitamin A) ingestion is toxic (dog liver consumption having caused the death of Sir Douglas Mawson s explorer companions in the Antarctic by this mechanism). 

Let us explore the thermocline distribution first. As large-scale oceanic transport occurs primarily along surfaces of equal potential density, it is instructive to inspect variations along such surfaces. Figure 1.4b shows the NO distribution along the potential density surface Gg = 26.80, which represents Sub-Polar Mode Water (SPMW) in the northern hemisphere and Sub-Antarctic Mode Water (SAMW) in the southern hemisphere (Hanawa and TaUey, 2001). Nitrate concentrations near the outcrops, i.e., where the isopycnal surface intersects the surface of the ocean are near zero, but concentrations increase rapidly as one moves away from the outcrops into the ocean s interior. 

The twentieth century has witnessed a dramatic increase in the exploration of the Antarctic continent by many countries, partly as a consequence of genuine scientific interest, but also prompted, to a significant extent, by the alluring perspectives of exploiting the natural - and so far intact - resources of this land. 

The natural balance of the environment has been seriously affected by man in many parts of the planet. However, there is universal consensus that the fate of Antarctica has to be different and that its natural resources, scientific values and beauty must be preserved. Although most inner zones of the Antarctic continent remain unexplored and have minimum human presence, the coastal zone has been thoroughly navigated, with permanent human settlements since the beginning of the twentieth century. The coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, in particular, has been one of the most extensively explored zones, attracting an important human presence. The closeness of the peninsula to South America, its less severe climate and its icefree accessibility in summer account for the numerous research stations and the commercial exploitation of the marine resources. The remnants of human activity such as abandoned stations, field dumps of fuel, rubbish dumps, etc., are still visible. 

The XV ATCM (1989, Paris) represented a real turning point for the protection of the Antarctic environment. The parties, in Recommendation XV. 1 prompted their governments to undertake as a priority objective the further elaboration, maintenance and effective implementation of a comprehensive system for the protection of the Antarctic environment and its dependent and associated ecosystems aimed at ensuring that human activity does not have an adverse impact on the Antarctic environment and its dependent or associated ecosystems or compromise the scientific, aesthetic or wilderness values of Antarctica . The parties asked that a Special Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting be held in 1990 to explore and discuss proposals relating to the comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment. 

Halogen Chemistry on PSCs. The cold temperatures that occur in polar winter can lead to formation of clouds within the stratosphere, and there are visual sightings of such Arctic clouds dating back hundreds of years. In the unpopulated Antarctic, the earliest explorers noted unusually colorful high clouds in winter. The term polar stratospheric clouds (or PSCs) was coined by McCormick et al. (1982), who first presented satellite observations of high-altitude clouds in the Antarctic and Arctic stratospheres, but the clouds were considered little more than a scientific curiosity until the ozone hole was discovered. 

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