Rubbish dump

Many revisionists are of the view that orthodox historians have finally banished the gas chambers of the western camps to the rubbish dump of history, but that is an inaccurate oversimplification.96 In justification of this argument, they cite a letter to the editor written in 1960 by Martin Broszat, at that time an employee and later the head of Institut fiir Zeitgeschichte in Munich, in which he stated 97... 

The natural balance of the environment has been seriously affected by man in many parts of the planet. However, there is universal consensus that the fate of Antarctica has to be different and that its natural resources, scientific values and beauty must be preserved. Although most inner zones of the Antarctic continent remain unexplored and have minimum human presence, the coastal zone has been thoroughly navigated, with permanent human settlements since the beginning of the twentieth century. The coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, in particular, has been one of the most extensively explored zones, attracting an important human presence. The closeness of the peninsula to South America, its less severe climate and its icefree accessibility in summer account for the numerous research stations and the commercial exploitation of the marine resources. The remnants of human activity such as abandoned stations, field dumps of fuel, rubbish dumps, etc., are still visible. 

Database. The graveyard of clinical research. A rubbish dump built like a library. 

Rees, J.F. and Grainger, J.M. (1982) Rubbish dump or feimentef Prospects for the control of refuse fermentation to methane in landfills. Process Biochemistry, 17(6), 41-44... 

Seepage water from solid waste (rubbish dumps, etc.)... 

In the South Pacific, man-made debris was surveyed on 24 islands in the Thousand Island archipelago north of Java in 1985 (66). Polyethylene bags, footwear and polystyrene blocks comprised more than 90% of the 27,600 items. The main source of this debris is the dumping of rubbish and domestic and industrial waste directly into the sea at Jakarta. On New Zealand beaches, plastic litter was widely distributed and predominantly in the form of polyethylene and polypropylene beads. Near Auckland and Wellington concentrations exceeded 10,000 and 40,000 beads m of beach, and the unweathered appearance of the beads implied a nearby source (66). 

Rubbish tips/dumps, other waste tips 1.2.6 Hygienic considerations... 

No figures are available for the current global production of domestic rubbish, but if we assume that other industrial states produce about as much refuse per head of the population as the UK, it is probably in excess of 500 million tonnes. At present, most of this material is either dumped or burned, although it may be subjected to other treatment, such as shredding, pulverising or composting, before its final disposal. What is to be done with this enormous mass of material ... 

The MOG should be eliminated as quickly as possible, preferably before becoming covered in juice. It is usually removed by blowers. Extractor fans placed above the conveyor belt are effective. When these extractors are properly adjusted and combined with destenuning screens, they are capable of reducing the rate of misceUaueous rubbish to 0.5%. The crop is generally stored temporarily in one or two hoppers with a capacity of 8-20 hi. These hoppers are capable of dumping the crop directly into Ae transport containers. 

Garbage can be defined as the discarded solid-waste products of household or industry which are collected and disposed of in some central facility such as a dump, landfill, or incinerator. Litter, on the other hand, may be defined as a synthetic object in a place where it should not be. For example, a fallen tree in the forest is not litter, but a discarded wooden box made from the same material in the same place is. Paper in a rubbish bin is not litter. The same piece of paper blowing along the side of a road definitely is. Surveys of litter show that by far the greatest proportion consists of containers or packages of various kinds used for food, beverages or tobacco. 

Problems in air pollution include water pollution, the unpleasant odors that occur during the process of rubbish collection, intermediate treatment (burning or crushing) and final treatment (dumping). 

Plastics are widely used in many aspects of everyday life. However, the large-scale use of poly(alkene)s has created a problem when we come to dispose of them. During their useful life, one of the poly(alkene)s useful properties is their lack of reactivity. As they are effectively huge alkane molecules, they are resistant to chemical attack. So they can take hundreds of years to decompose when dumped in landfill sites, taking up valuable space. They are non-biodegradable. Therefore throwing away poly(alkenes) creates rubbish that will pollute the environment for centuries (Figure 15.19). 

There are two issues that confuse things further. One, it is not clear whether the excavators think that the midden and trash deposits inside the rooms were debris from the activities of the people who built and used these houses, piling up on floors as they lived there, whether it was dumped subsequent to that, after the rooms were no longer in use, or even whether it was later fill. If either of the latter two alternatives proves to be the case, then the possibility arises that the Uruk occupation was subsequent to the local Late Chalcolithic, not contemporaneous with it. The Uruk inhabitants would therefore have tossed their trash over the walls and on to the steep slope of the mound and used abandoned houses as refuse containers. Or they may have moved into empty houses abandoned by their original occupants and reused them. The buildup of rubbish deposits inside rooms, which is rare in permanent sedentary occupations, is characteristic of planned abandonment and/or anticipated mobility (Berelov 2006 136). In this case Uruk deposits could easily end up side by side with Late Chalcolithic remains left in these contexts, appearing to be interstratified (Stein and Edens 1999 169). The consistent presence of some local Late Chalcolithic ceramics and the occasional sealed basket in deposits... 

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