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Animals virus cultivation

With animal viruses, the initial host may be a whole animal which is susceptible to the virus, but for research purposes it is desirable to have a more convenient host. Many animal viruses can be cultivated in tissue or cell cultures, and the use of such cultures has enormously facilitated research on animal viruses. [Pg.116]

Classification of animal viruses Most of the animal viruses which have been studied in any detail have been those which have been amenable to cultivation in cell cultures. As seen, animal viruses are known with either single-stranded or doublestranded DNA or RNA. Some animal viruses are enveloped, others are naked. Size varies greatly, from those large enough to be just visible in the light microscope, to those so tiny that they are hard to see well even in the electron microscope. In the following sections, we will discuss characteristics and manner of multiplication of some of the most important and best-studied animal viruses. [Pg.163]

Virus cultivation is more complex than bacterial cultivation because viruses are, by themselves, nonreplicating. Virus must be grown on a host cell substrate, which can be animal tissue, embryo, or ex vivo cells the host substrate determines the cultivation technology. In the United States, only Japanese encephahtis virus vaccine is still produced from infected mature animals. Worldwide, many vaccines are produced in chicken embryos, an inexpensive substrate. The remainder of vaccines are produced from ex vivo cultivated animal cells. Some virus-like particle vaccines are made by recombinant DNA techniques in either microbial or animal cells, for example, hepatitis B virus vaccine, which is made in yeast as mentioned above, or in Chinese hamster ovary cells. An interesting synopsis of the development of rabies vaccine technology from Pasteur s use of animal tissues to modern use of ex vivo cells can be found in Sureau [1987]. [Pg.202]

Experimental animals sueh as miee and ferrets have to be used for the cultivation of some viruses. Growth of the virus is indicated by signs of disease or death of the inoculated animal. [Pg.68]

There are known to be about 30,000 disease-causing agents (fungi, viruses, nematodes, bacteria) in 3,000 types of cultivated plants. More than 10,000 species of arthropods (insects, ticks, arachnids) affect agricultural plants and animals. Along with agriculture, pesticides are also widely used in forestry and fisheries, in energy and railroads (to clear plants), in construction (to protect wood structures), etc. [Pg.10]

One of the most obvious benefits of plants is the potential for production scale up, leading to the production of virtually limitless amounts of recombinant antibody at minimal cost Plants are easy to grow, and unlike bacteria or animal cells their cultivation is straightforward and does not require specialist media, equipment or toxic chemicals. It has been estimated that plantibodies could be produced at a yield of 10-20 kg per acre at a fraction of the cost associated with production in mammalian cells [2,18] The use of plants also avoids many of the potential safety issues associated with other expression systems, such as contaminating mammalian viruses or prions, as well as ethical considerations involving the use of animals. [Pg.169]

Cell culture is the predominant and indispensable tool for virus isolation and cultivation infectivity assays and vaccine production and testing. Although some viruses are more easily isolated in animals and embryonated eggs, the modem era of virology only began when Enders et al. (1949) showed that poliovirus was able to reproduce in various kinds of human embryonic cells in culture whereas in vivo its multiplication is largely restricted to the neurons in the grey column of the spinal cord. [Pg.279]

Most recently, a system of micro carriers was introduced in order to promote vaccine production in animal hygiene. A virus for Aujeszky s disease was cultivated on two cell lines, on microcarriers with titer values 10-15 times as high as gained by traditional methods. [Pg.166]

The NV is a human calicivims and contains a single-stranded RNA genome.Particles of NV have T=3 icosahedral symmetry with an approximate outer diameter of 38 nm and an average inner diameter of the central cavity that ranges from 20-29 nm. These virions contain 180 molecules of identical capsid protein (56.6 kl/)a each), which has two principle domains, S and P. linked by a flexible hinge.These viruses arc difficult to cultivate in tissue culture systems or animals,"" making them difficult to study, and this factor limits their use as nanosynthctic reaction vessels. [Pg.1564]

Van der Putten et al. (14) and Rubenstein et al. (10) have infected pre-implantation mouse embryos with recombinant replication-incompetent retrovirus without the use of helper virus. 197 denuded 8-cell stages cultivated over psi-2 monolayers for 16 hours and subsequently transferred to foster mothers gave rise to one animal which had incorporated the recombinant provirus including the foreign gene and transmitted it to its offspring (14). Rubenstein et al. (10) co-cultivated 278 4-cell-stage mouse embryos over psi-2 cells and obtained 76 (30%) live fetuses after transfer, of which one contained the recombinant provirus. [Pg.225]

Use of ex vivo cell substrates is the most recent technique in vaccine cultivation. In the case of measles and mumps vaccines, the cell substrate is chicken embryo cells that have been generated by trypsin enzyme treatment that dissociates the embryonic cells. Similarly, some rabies vaccines use cells derived from fetal rhesus monkey kidneys. Since the 1960s, cell lines have been generated that can be characterized, banked, and cryopreserved. Cryopreserved cells have been adopted to ensure reproducibility and freedom from contaminating viruses and microorganisms and to bypass the ethical problem of extensive use of animal... [Pg.202]


See other pages where Animals virus cultivation is mentioned: [Pg.54]    [Pg.95]    [Pg.1141]    [Pg.246]    [Pg.223]    [Pg.212]    [Pg.182]    [Pg.83]    [Pg.350]    [Pg.166]    [Pg.43]    [Pg.220]    [Pg.203]    [Pg.203]    [Pg.210]    [Pg.357]    [Pg.203]    [Pg.203]    [Pg.102]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.7 , Pg.459 ]




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