Animal biomass

As shown in Figure 2, when a herbmore eats a plant, only about 10 percent of the energy scored in that plant is converted to animal biomass the rest is used up in everyday activities. The same is true for each succeeding trophic level. Note that the commonly cited 10 percent energy transfer figure is... 

Ammonification is the process by which the organically bound nitrogen of microbial, plant, and animal biomass is recycled after their death. Ammonification is carried out by a diverse array of microorganisms that perform ecological decay services, and its product is ammonia or ammonium ion. Ammonium is a suitable source of nutrition for many species of plants, especially those living in acidic soils. However, most plants cannot utilize ammonium effectively, and they require nitrate as their essential source of nitrogen nutrition. 

During respiration, nitrogen isotopes are fractionated by about -I- 3%o for each trophic level nitrogen isotopes in animal biomass are on average 3%o more positive than the 8 N of their diets. This contrasts with the situation for carbon isotopes, in which there is little fractionation during respiration. If animals are known to have a common dietary source the comparative nitrogen content of... 

Only deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold-seeps are discussed in this chapter. Shallow vents and seeps are known from a variety of locations, from the littoral zone to several tens of metres (e.g. Holm, 1987 Jensen etal., 1992 Dando etal., 1994a,b, 1995). Shallow vents have many differences from their deeper counterparts. They lack metal-rich and extreme high temperature fluids, as well as large-scale mineral deposits. They also lack typical hydrothermal vent animals. Biomass production in both systems is lower than at deep-sea vents and deep... 

All organisms need the essential macroelements or macronutrients—C, H, O, P, K, N, S, Ca, Fe, and Mg—in relatively large amounts to complete their life cycle. A mnemonic phrase to remember them is See Hopkins cafe, mighty good. Iron is needed in smaller amounts than the others, but is necessary for the mnemonic. Animals additionally require Na and Cl as macroelements, but since animal biomass is only 1/10 000 that of plant biomass, animal requirements are insignificant in the overall picture. Macroelements have been called macronutrients for a long time, but nutrient implies energy content, as in carbohydrates. 

Ecosystem type 2 Area (10 km ) 3 Animal consumption (%) 4 Herbivore consumption (10 tCyr ) 5 Total animal production (10 tCyr" ) 6 Animal biomass (gCm ) 7 Total animal biomass (10 t C)... 

Because of the limited information on mercury concentration in animal biomass, many of the estimates are tentative. The uptake by land animals can be considered as being nearly the same magnitude (27, 98) or somewhat less than that for salt water fish (uncontaminated. Table VII). However, because of the shorter half-life of the cycle (1 to 6 months) compared with the half-life in fish (1 to 2 years), the total mercury content in the annually produced land animal biomass may amount to only about 10 tons. A tenth of that value is contained in domestic animals. Man represents less than 2% of land animal biomass production. 

For the animal biomass production in the oceans, which represents about 1 to 5 X 10 tons/year (25), a total mercury content of about 50... 

Affinity for the compartments Water S (g/1) Air H (Pam2/mol) Soil lOgkoc Animal biomass log w Vegetal biomass... 

Biofuel refers to any fuel made from biomass. As you may remember from Chapter 9, biomass is the term used to describe any organic material made from plants or animals. Biomass can be made from agricultural crops, forest by-products, and even city garbage. Ethanol is the most widely used biofuel today. 

This chapter gives a general introduction to the book and describes briefly the context for which the editors established its contents and explains why certain topics were excluded from it. It covers the main raw materials based on vegetable resources, namely (i) wood and its main components cellulose, lignin, hemicelluloses, tannins, rosins and terpenes, as well as species-speciflc constituents, like natural rubber and suberin and (ii) annual plants as sources of starch, vegetable oils, hemicelluloses, mono and disaccharides and algae. Then, the main animal biomass constituents are briefly described, with particular emphasis on chitin, chitosan, proteins and cellulose whiskers from molluscs. Finally, bacterial polymers such as poly(hydroxyalkanoates) and bacterial cellulose are evoked. For each relevant renewable source, this survey alerts the reader to the corresponding chapter in the book. 

Animal biomass. Vegetal biomass. Wood, Cellulose, Lignins, Hemicelluloses, Natural rubber, Suberin, Tannins, Rosins, Terpenes, Annual plants. Starch, Vegetable oils, Hemicelluloses, Mono and disaccharides, Polylactic acid. Algae, Chitin, Chitosan, Proteins, Cellulose whiskers. Bacterial polymers. Poly (hydro xyalkanoates). Bacterial cellulose... 

The main actors involved in oleochemistry are located in Asia, because of the climatic suitability for such agricultural activity Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines being the main producers. Fats from animal biomass are produced mostly in the US and Europe. The respective production of fats and oils for the four main continents, Asia, North America, Europe and South America, is 44,16,15 and 14 per cent. The present chapter deals exclusively with the use of vegetable oils as sources of polymeric materials, because the structures of fats do not lend themselves meaningfully to that application. 

Sequestration of CO2 should not be an issue of gasification of biomass to syngas. Biomass covers a wide field of materials ranging from vegetable biomass such as wood, straw, grain, black liquor from the paper industry, animal biomass and various waste. Gasification of biomass may be an alternative to biochemical routes [419]. However, there are still problems to be solved. 

Naohito, K., Ogata, R, Hisato, T., Isao, Y. Removal of fluoride ion by bone char produced from animal biomass. J Oleo Sci 58, 529-535 (2009). 

WWB, wood and woody biomass HAB, herbaceous and agricultural biomass HAG, herbaceous and agricultural grass HAS, herbaceous and agricultural straw HAR, herbaceous and agricultural residue AB, animal biomass MB, mixture of biomass CB, contaminated biomass AVB, all varieties of biomass. 

Estimates of plant and animal biomass are summarized in Tables 2.10 and 2.11. These biomass estimates relate to the organisms economically important for food primarily the macrophyta (red and brown algae, for their consumption and theft additives) and edible marine animals (fish, mollusks, and shellfish). 

The data in Table 2.11 show that more than 80% of the animal biomass occurs on the continental shelves, which represents less than 8% of the immersed surface area. The abyssal zone, which represents more than three-fourths of... 

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