Vegetable resources

Deleu, M. and Paquot, M. (2004) Prom renewable vegetables resources to microorganisms new trends in surfactants. Compt. Rend. Chim., 7, 641. 

Wegener, G. Meeting of Intern. Expert Council on the Chemistry of Vegetal Resources (COCVER), 1995, 50-78. 

M. I. Aranguren, M. A. Mosiewicki and J. Fernandez, Natural composites Polymeric matrices based on vegetable resources . Mol Cryst Liq Cryst, 2006,448, 145-59. 

This chapter gives a general introduction to the book and describes briefly the context for which the editors established its contents and explains why certain topics were excluded from it. It covers the main raw materials based on vegetable resources, namely (i) wood and its main components cellulose, lignin, hemicelluloses, tannins, rosins and terpenes, as well as species-speciflc constituents, like natural rubber and suberin and (ii) annual plants as sources of starch, vegetable oils, hemicelluloses, mono and disaccharides and algae. Then, the main animal biomass constituents are briefly described, with particular emphasis on chitin, chitosan, proteins and cellulose whiskers from molluscs. Finally, bacterial polymers such as poly(hydroxyalkanoates) and bacterial cellulose are evoked. For each relevant renewable source, this survey alerts the reader to the corresponding chapter in the book. 

As in the case of vegetable resources, all the traditional technologies of exploitation of materials derived from the animal realm will not receive a detailed treatment in this book. Thus, readers interested in leather [23], wool [24], silk [25], gelatin [26], animal fats and waxes [27] and carbon black [28], as well as animal-based resins like shellac [29], are invited to consult the corresponding monographs quoted ha-e. The reason for these exclusions stems from the fact that the processes associated with the production of these materials have not been the object of any major qualitative improvement in recent times. 

These two basic furan derivatives obtained directly from cheap vegetable resources find important uses as chemical precursors in a variety of industrial and fine chemical processes which are well documented [4e, 11,13], Only those leading to furan monomers and to other compounds which can be exploited in polymer synthesis will be examined further hereafter. 

Alkyl polyglucosides (CAS No. 110615-47-9) are a relatively new class of nonionic surfactants, fully based on renewable vegetable resources and easily biodegradable, and hence they are finding increasing applications in many industrial fields, including the personal care industry. There is a book published by VCH publishers discussing their history, production, physicochemical properties, toxicity, and applications in various industries. There is also a Surfactant Science Series... 

Environmental Readily biodeg, derived from renewable vegetable resources ... 

Polysaccharides are macromolecules which make up a large part of the bulk of the vegetable kingdom. Cellulose and starch are, respectively, the first and second most abundant organic compounds in plants. The former is present in leaves and grasses the latter in fruits, stems, and roots. Because of their abundance in nature and because of contemporary interest in renewable resources, there is a great deal of interest in these compounds. Both cellulose and starch are hydrolyzed by acids to D-glucose, the repeat unit in both polymer chains. 

Antimony may enter the human body through the consumption of meats, vegetables, and seafood which all contain about 0.2—1.1 ppb antimony. Disposal of Antimony. Antimony and its compounds have been designated as priority pollutants by the EPA (35). As a result users, transporters, generators, and processors of antimony-containing material must comply with regulations of the Eederal Resource Conservative and Recovery Act (RCRA). 

Castor is the only renewable vegetable oil resource (see Chemurgy) having a hydroxyl group stmcture and functionaHty that leads to diverse oleochemicals. In 1988, approximately 35,000 t/yr of castor oil were used to prepare raw materials for the manufacture of nylon-11. It is estimated that 40,000—45,000 t of... 

The agricultural and forest products industries are dependent on renewable resources for their existence. They are also acutely aware that air pollution can damage vegetation and, therefore, threaten their existence. Both industries have been exempt from many air pollution regulations in the past, but now they are finding these exemptions questioned and in some cases withdrawn (15). 

Biodiesel is diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils and other renewable resources. Many different types of oils can he used, including animal fats, used cooking oils, and soybean oil. Biodiesel is miscible with petroleum diesels and can he used in biodiesel-diesel blends. Most often blends are 20 percent biodiesel and 80 percent traditional diesel. Soy diesel can be used neat (100%), hut many other types of biodiesel are too viscous, especially in winter, and must be used in blends to remain fluid. The properties of the fuel will vaiy depending on the raw material used. Typical values for biodiesel are shown in Table 1. 

Position 5 in Fig. lb describes the brief explosive development of biomass in an ephemeral species capable of exploiting a productive but temporary habitat. Here again morphological plasticity would be expected to predominate. In the vegetative phase, plasticity in root and shoot morphology will be an integral part of the mechanism of resource capture. 

Biodiesel is a fuel derived from renewable natural resources such as soybean and rapeseed and consists of alkyl esters derived from transesterification of triglycerides with methanol. In spite of all the advantages of biodiesel, such as low emissiotts, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and lubricity, the major hurdle in penetration of biodiesel is its high cost because of the expensive food grade refined vegetable oil feedstock. 

---