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Anesthetics ocular

Table 2.4 Effects of tafluprost on aqueous humor dynamics in anesthetized ocular normotensive monkeys... Table 2.4 Effects of tafluprost on aqueous humor dynamics in anesthetized ocular normotensive monkeys...
Hydrochloride, C,4HjjCIN202, dimorphic crystals. Rectangular plates, mp 153,5° rods, mp 176°, Bitter taste followed by a sense of numbness. Sol in water sparingly sol in alcohol insol in ether, chloroform, benzene. therap cat Hydrochloride as local anesthetic-therap CAT (Vet) Topical anesthetic (ocular). [Pg.1003]

Mild burning of the eyes after acute exposure to either trow-1,2-dichloroethylene vapor or aerosol was reported by two subjects in a 1936 self-experimentation study. However, dichloroethylene has been used in combination with ether as a general anesthetic in at least 2000 cases with no evidence of ocular toxicity ... [Pg.229]

Nadolol is noteworthy for its very long duration of action its spectrum of action is similar to that of timolol. Timolol is a nonselective agent with no local anesthetic activity. It has excellent ocular hypotensive effects when administered topically in the eye. Levobunolol (nonselective) and betaxolol (E -selective) are also used for topical ophthalmic application in glaucoma the latter drug may be less likely to induce bronchoconstriction than nonselective antagonists. Carteolol is a nonselective 13-receptor antagonist. [Pg.211]

Durham RA, Sawyer DC, Keller WF, Wheeler CA (1992) Topical ocular anesthetics in ocular irritancy testing a review. Lab Anim Sci 42 535-541... [Pg.196]

Abuse of topically administered drugs by practitioners or patients can cause significant ocular toxicity. Infiltrative keratitis has occurred from long-term use of anesthetic eyedrops for relief of pain associated with corneal abrasions. Bilateral posterior subcapsular cataracts have developed after the topical administration of prednisolone acetate 0.12% twice daily over long durations. Practitioners should closely monitor patients treated with drugs known to have potentially significant ocular or systemic side effects. [Pg.9]

Burns RR Forster RK, Laibson P, Gibson IK. Chronic toxicity of local anesthetics on the cornea. In Leopold IH, Burns RP, eds. Symposium on ocular therapy. NewYork John Wiley Sons, 1977 31-44. [Pg.79]

Norden LC. Adverse reactions to topical ocular anesthetics. [Pg.80]

Adapted from Raj PP Handbook of regional anesthesia. New York Churchill Livingstone, 1985 Bartlett JD, Fiscella R, Jaanus SD, et al., eds. Ophthalmic drug facts. St. Louis Facts and Comparisons, 2005 Crandall DG. Pharmacology of ocular anesthetics. In Duane TD, Jaeger EA, eds. Biomedical foundations of ophthalmology. Philadelphia J.B. Lippincott, 1994 and Sobol WM, McCrary JA. Ocular anesthetic properties and adverse reactions, hit Ophthalmol Chn 1989 29 195-199. [Pg.87]

The efficacy of topical ocular anesthetics is usually determined by their ability to suppress corneal sensitivity When a dose-response relationship is determined for various anesthetics, a concentration for each drug is obtained beyond which no further increase in activity occurs. The concentration at which this maximum efficacy occurs is termed the maximum effective concentra-tion.Uhns, increasing the concentration of the anesthetic beyond the maximum effective concentration serves no useful purpose but increases the risk of local and systemic toxicity... [Pg.87]

Because of the strong abuse potential of cocaine, its distribution and clinical use are subject to federal and state controlled substance regulations imder supervision of the Drug Enforcement Administration. Because of its potential ocular and systemic toxicity, cocaine has generally been replaced by the safer synthetic local anesthetics. [Pg.88]

The repeated administration of topical ocular anesthetics should be avoided because it may significantly retard... [Pg.90]

With the exception of one case of grand mal seizure possibly associated with the topical application of benox-inate, no cases of serious systemic reactions caused by topically instilled ocular anesthetics have occurred. However, because 98% or more of systemic reactions to local injectable anesthetics are due to drug overdose, such systemic toxic reactions can potentially occur with the excessive administration of topical anesthetics to the eye. Topically applied anesthetics are rapidly absorbed into the systemic circulation, and their blood levels rise almost as rapidly as after intravenous injection. [Pg.91]

Practitioners should record the event in the patient s chart and avoid using the same anesthetic on subsequent patient visits. Because there is apparently little cross-sensitivity between classes of local anesthetics, practitioners can usually change from proparacaine to an ester of PABA, or vice versa, with little risk of local allergy. Unfortunately, no topical anesthetics approved for ocular use have an amide linkage. Such anesthetics, because of their extremely low allergenic potential, would serve as ideal topical ocular anesthetics. [Pg.92]

Generally, local anesthetics can be used with little risk of significant adverse local or systemic effects. The following specific contraindications should help to ensure the safe and effective ocular use of these anesthetics. [Pg.92]

Hypersensitivity to benzalkonium chloride has been reported in association with the use of ophthalmic medications. Because several of the commonly used topical ocular anesthetics contain benzalkonium as a preservative (see Table 6-2), it is reasonable to assume that some of the local allergic reactions to anesthetics may be due to this preservative. [Pg.93]

Topically applied anesthetics may cause corneal endothelial toxicity when used after perforating ocular trauma or when used topically for cataract extraction. When injected inttacametally, benzalkonium chloride, the primary preservative used in topical ocular anesthetics, can cause irreversible corneal edema in rabbits. [Pg.93]

When evaluating an acute injmy of the cornea, the practitioner is sometimes tempted to prescribe a topical anesthetic for administration at home by the patient for relief of ocular pain. This practice is extremely dangerous, however, and in numerous instances has led to severe infiltrative keratitis and even loss of the eye from anesthetic misuse or abuse by the patient.Topical anesthetics must be used only for the pmpose of obtaining initial relief of ocular pain and never as part of a prolonged therapeutic regimen.The potential corneal toxicity of topical anesthetics precludes their use as self-administered drugs. [Pg.93]

Anesthetic agents.The nociceptive signal can be interrupted between its peripheral source and its central target in the brain or spinal cord. However, the longterm use of topical anesthetics for treatment of acute ocular pain can lead to serious complications and is thus discouraged. [Pg.98]

When topically applied methylene blue can be feirly irritating to ocular tissue. A topical anesthetic may be used, because it enhances penetration of the drug at the same time as it relieves the discomfort. [Pg.292]

Topical ocular anesthetics have many uses in clinical practice. Most commonly, they are used to improve patient tolerance of various diagnostic procedures. In addition, these drugs often provide sufficient anesthesia for minor operations on the cornea, conjimctiva, and nasolacrimal system. [Pg.320]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.17 , Pg.542 ]




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