Anemias blood cell deficiencies causing

Anemia of chronic kidney disease A decline in red blood cell production caused by a decrease in erythropoietin production by the progenitor cells of the kidney. As kidney function declines in chronic kidney disease, erythropoietin production also declines, resulting in decreased red blood cell production. Other contributing factors include iron deficiency and decreased red blood cell lifespan, caused by uremia. 

V.B12 is also known as antipemicious anemia factor. Pernicious anemia is characterized by a severely reduced production of red blood cells, deficient gastric secretion and disturbances of the nervous system. It is not usually caused by dietary deficiency of V.B]2, but by the absence of intrirrsic factor, which is required for V.B[2 absorption. Intrinsic factor is a neuraminic acid-containing glycoprotein, normally present in the gastric mucosa, which forms a pepsin-resistant complex with V.B,2, and enables V.B,2 absorption in the lower part of the intestinal traet. 

Fohc acid is a precursor of several important enzyme cofactors required for the synthesis of nucleic acids (qv) and the metaboHsm of certain amino acids. Fohc acid deficiency results in an inabiUty to produce deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and certain proteins (qv). Megaloblastic anemia is a common symptom of folate deficiency owing to rapid red blood cell turnover and the high metaboHc requirement of hematopoietic tissue. One of the clinical signs of acute folate deficiency includes a red and painhil tongue. Vitamin B 2 folate share a common metaboHc pathway, the methionine synthase reaction. Therefore a differential diagnosis is required to measure foHc acid deficiency because both foHc acid and vitamin B 2 deficiency cause... 

Anemia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs), a decrease in die amount of hemoglobin in RBCs, or bodi a decrease in die number of RBCs and hemoglobin. When diere is an insufficient amount of hemoglobin to deliver oxygen to die tissues, anemia exists. There are various types and causes of anemia For example, anemia can be die result of blood loss, excessive destruction of RBCs, inadequate production of RBCs, and deficits in various nutrients, such as in iron deficiency anemia Once the type and cause have been identified, die primary health care provider selects a method of treatment. 

GSH-S deficiency is a more frequent cause of GSH deficiency (HI7), and more than 20 families with this enzyme deficiency have been reported since the first report by Oort et al. (05). There are two distinct types of GSH-S deficiency with different clinical pictures. In the red blood cell type, the enzyme defect is limited to red blood cells and the only clinical presentation is mild hemolysis. In the generalized type, the deficiency is also found in tissues other than red blood cells, and the patients show not only chronic hemolytic anemia but also metabolic acidosis with marked 5-oxoprolinuria and neurologic manifestations including mental retardation. The precise mechanism of these two different phenotypes remains to be elucidated, because the existence of tissue-specific isozymes is not clear. Seven mutations at the GSH-S locus on six alleles—four missense mutations, two deletions, and one splice site mutation—have been identified (S14). 

Pyrimidine 5 -nucleotidase (P5N) deficiency appears to be the third most common cause of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia after G6PD and PK deficiencies. To date, more than 42 cases have been reported worldwide (FI 1) since the first report by Valentine et al. (V4). This syndrome is characterized by hemolytic anemia, pronounced basophilic stippling of red blood cells (Fig. 6), and a... 

The primary cause of anemia in patients with CKD or ESRD is erythropoietin deficiency. Other contributing factors include decreased lifespan of red blood cells, blood loss, and iron deficiency. 

Anthraquinone glycosides found in senna (Cassia fistulosa) and Aloe spp. have been included in some commercial cathartics. Vicine is a glycoside in fava beans (Vida faba), and causes hemolytic anemia in people who have a genetic deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in their red blood cells. Fava beans are grown as a protein supplement for livestock. 

Pharmacology Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein that stimulates red blood cell production. It is produced in the kidney and stimulates the division and differentiation of erythroid progenitors in bone marrow. Hypoxia and anemia generally increase the production of erythropoietin, which in turn stimulates erythropoiesis. In patients with CRF, erythropoietin production is impaired this deficiency is the primary cause of their anemia. Epoetin alfa stimulates erythropoiesis in anemic patients on dialysis and those who do not require regular dialysis. 

Symptoms of deficiency include abnormal red blood cells and impaired cell division, anemia, weight loss and intestinal upsets deficiency may cause birth defects. 

Folate deficiency results in a megaloblastic anemia that is microscopically indistinguishable from the anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency (see above). However, folate deficiency does not cause the characteristic neurologic syndrome seen in vitamin B12 deficiency. In patients with megaloblastic anemia, folate status is assessed with assays for serum folate or for red blood cell folate. Red blood cell folate levels are often of greater diagnostic value than serum levels, since serum folate levels tend to be quite labile and do not necessarily reflect tissue levels. 

A deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase causes insufficient amounts of NADPH to be produced under certain conditions (e.g., when antimalarial drugs are being used). As a result, glutathione is not adequately reduced and, in turn, is not available to reduce compounds that are produced by the metabolism of these drugs. Red blood cells lyse and a hemolytic anemia may occur. 

Deficiency of pyruvate kinase causes decreased production of ATP from glycolysis. Red blood cells have insufficient ATP for their sodium pumps their membranes lyse, and a hemolytic anemia results. 

Copper helps form red blood cells and connective tissues. Copper is a cofactor enzyme that initiates metabolic reactions in the body. Copper is necessary to produce norepinephrine and dopamine (neurotransmitters). Copper is absorbed in the intestine. Foods rich in copper are shellfish (crabs and oysters), liver, nuts, seeds (sunflower, sesame), legumes, and cocoa. Copper deficiency results in anemia, causes decreased hair and skin pigmentation, decreased white blood count, intolerance to glucose, and mental retardation in young patients. Excess serum levels of copper indicate Wilson s disease, which results in the accumulation of copper in the liver, brain, cornea, and kidney. 

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